中国历史简介
Brief History of China
在我国古代，国家有时统一，有时分裂，中国一词的含义在不同时代也不同，大致统一时期略指全国，分裂时多指中原。随着皇帝统治疆土的变化，中国一词所包括的范围也相应有所不同。“中国”这一名称在西周周武王时期意为“中央之国”。相传3000年前，周公在阳城 (今河南登封)用土圭测度日影，测得夏至这一天午时，八尺之表于周围景物均没有日影，便认为这是大地的中心，因此周朝谓之中国。
In ancient China, the National Unity sometimes, and sometimes separatist, the Chinese meaning of the word in different times different, generally refers to a unified national strategy, the split means more when the Central Plains. With the territory of the emperor rule changes, the Chinese word, including its coverage varies accordingly. "China" in the name of King Wu of Zhou period of the Western Zhou Dynasty agreed to "central country." Passed in 3000, the Duke of the Yangcheng (today Henan Dengfeng) with Tugui measure the shadow of the sun, measured Next day noontime, Bachimen's table in the surrounding landscape are not the shadow of the sun, we think this is the center of the earth, so that goes to China.
在我国古代，国家有时统一，有时分裂，中国一词的含义在不同时代也不同，大致统一时期略指全国，分裂时多指中原。随着皇帝统治疆土的变化，中国一词所包括的范围也相应有所不同。“中国”这一名称在西周周武王时期意为“中央之国”。相传3000年前，周公在阳城 (今河南登封)用土圭测度日影，测得夏至这一天午时，八尺之表于周围景物均没有日影，便认为这是大地的中心，因此周朝谓之中国。
In ancient China, the National Unity sometimes, and sometimes separatist, the Chinese meaning of the word in different times different, generally refers to a unified national strategy, the split means more when the Central Plains. With the territory of the emperor rule changes, the Chinese word, including its coverage varies accordingly. "China" in the name of King Wu of Zhou period of the Western Zhou Dynasty agreed to "central country." Passed in 3000, the Duke of the Yangcheng (today Henan Dengfeng) with Tugui measure the shadow of the sun, measured Next day noontime, Bachimen's table in the surrounding landscape are not the shadow of the sun, we think this is the center of the earth, so that goes to China.
汉朝以后，虽然有些外族入侵中原后建立的政权也自称“中国”，但是并不代表它们就是中国政权。因为他们这个自称的“中国”通常指地理概念上的“中原”而不是国家意义上的“中国”。即使历史上的某个政权自称中国政权，也未必代表它就真的是中国政权。根据史料，日本也常常自称“华夏”、“中华”。例如《大日本史》卷117，载奈良时代藤原广嗣在公元740年（唐代开元二十八年）上表日主：“北狄虾夷，西戎隼俗，狼性易乱，野心难驯。往古已来，中国有圣则后服，朝堂有变则先叛”。二战结束，日本天皇在《终战诏书》中还把日本称为“神州”，但是日本和中国显然是两国。判断历史上一个政权是否是中国政权，主要看它与前一个中国政权的关系，是以国内政权更换的形式取代前一个中国政权，还是以外来征服者的姿态取代前一个中国政权。
After the Han Dynasty, although some alien invasion originally established by the regime are calling themselves "Chinese" But this does not mean that the Chinese regime. Because they are the self-styled "China" usually refers to a geographical concept of "heartland," rather than a national sense of "China." Even in the history of any regime claiming the Chinese regime, it does not necessarily mean it really is the Chinese regime. According to historical data, the Japanese are often called himself "China" and "China." For example, "in
After the Han Dynasty, although some alien invasion originally established by the regime are calling themselves "Chinese" But this does not mean that the Chinese regime. Because they are the self-styled "China" usually refers to a geographical concept of "heartland," rather than a national sense of "China." Even in the history of any regime claiming the Chinese regime, it does not necessarily mean it really is the Chinese regime. According to historical data, the Japanese are often called himself "China" and "China." For example, "in
connection with" Volume 117, Nara era Fujiwara containing widely Nations in the year 740 (Tang Dynasty 1939), Table Main : "Beidi Yezo. Xi Rong Falcon secular and Wolf easy chaotic, difficult to tame ambitions. to have come to ancient China after the St. clothes, Zhutang change, I will rebel. " The end of World War II, the Japanese emperor in "the end of the war rescript" Japan also known as "Divine", but Japan and China is obviously the two. Historical judgment on whether a regime of the Chinese regime, it's important to see a China with the former regime, on the domestic regime change in the form of a place of the former Chinese regime, or outside conqueror posture to replace the former one Chinese regime.
中国不是一个单纯的地理概念，更是一个民族与文化的概念。中国是华夏汉族建立并以华夏汉族为主体的国家。古代中国人历来就有抵抗外侵、保卫家园的光荣传统，一旦有外族入侵，便会英勇反抗，绝不允许外来入侵者篡夺中华正统的地位。从霍去病的“匈奴未灭，何以家为”，到岳飞的“精忠报国”，每一次遭受外侵，古代中国人都奋起抵抗，无一不验证了这一光荣传统。孔子在论语中评价管仲说:“微管仲,吾其披发左衽矣!”，意思是，有了管仲，华夏没有亡于外族。什么叫“披发左衽”？ “披发左衽”的反义词，就是“束发右衽”，也就是华夏汉族
中国不是一个单纯的地理概念，更是一个民族与文化的概念。中国是华夏汉族建立并以华夏汉族为主体的国家。古代中国人历来就有抵抗外侵、保卫家园的光荣传统，一旦有外族入侵，便会英勇反抗，绝不允许外来入侵者篡夺中华正统的地位。从霍去病的“匈奴未灭，何以家为”，到岳飞的“精忠报国”，每一次遭受外侵，古代中国人都奋起抵抗，无一不验证了这一光荣传统。孔子在论语中评价管仲说:“微管仲,吾其披发左衽矣!”，意思是，有了管仲，华夏没有亡于外族。什么叫“披发左衽”？ “披发左衽”的反义词，就是“束发右衽”，也就是华夏汉族
的发型服装，是华夏汉族和华夏汉文化的代表。可见，孔子也是把华夏汉族和华夏汉文化视为中华正统，不容外族取代中华正统。所谓的“夷狄入中国，则中国之”，这里的“夷狄入中国”指的是归化、内附中国，决不是以外来征服者的姿态征服中国。
China is not simply a geographical concept, it is a national and cultural concept. China is the establishment of China Han Han and China as the main countries. Ancient Chinese people will always resist foreign aggression, defend the homeland's glorious traditions, once the alien invasion, it would heroic resistance never allow foreign invaders usurp China orthodox position. Rock engraving of Huo Qubing "Huns not extinguished, and why the family", Yue Fei's "Total Loyalty to the country", each from a foreign invasion, Ancient Chinese people rose in resistance, all verified by this glorious tradition. The Analects of Confucius in evaluating Guan Zhong said : "Micro - Guan Zhong, I left their overlapping part of Chinese gown disheveled hair now!" , Which means that with Guan Zhong. China did not perish in the tribe. What is called the "overlapping part of Chinese gown disheveled hair left?" "Disheveled hair left overlapping part of Chinese gown" antonyms, "beams the right overlapping part of Chinese gown," which is China's Han hairstyle clothing, China is H
China is not simply a geographical concept, it is a national and cultural concept. China is the establishment of China Han Han and China as the main countries. Ancient Chinese people will always resist foreign aggression, defend the homeland's glorious traditions, once the alien invasion, it would heroic resistance never allow foreign invaders usurp China orthodox position. Rock engraving of Huo Qubing "Huns not extinguished, and why the family", Yue Fei's "Total Loyalty to the country", each from a foreign invasion, Ancient Chinese people rose in resistance, all verified by this glorious tradition. The Analects of Confucius in evaluating Guan Zhong said : "Micro - Guan Zhong, I left their overlapping part of Chinese gown disheveled hair now!" , Which means that with Guan Zhong. China did not perish in the tribe. What is called the "overlapping part of Chinese gown disheveled hair left?" "Disheveled hair left overlapping part of Chinese gown" antonyms, "beams the right overlapping part of Chinese gown," which is China's Han hairstyle clothing, China is H
an Chinese culture and Chinese representatives. This shows that Confucius was also put China and China Han Han Chinese culture as orthodox and not orthodox tribe replace China. The so-called "barbarians into China, then China", where the "Yellow-China" refers to the naturalization, containing China, is not a foreign conqueror gesture to conquer China.
满清入关，大儒学家顾炎武提出了“亡国”与“亡天下”之辨。他说:“有亡国,有亡天下。亡国与亡天下奚辨?曰:易姓改号,谓之亡国。仁义充塞而至于率兽食人,人将相食,谓之亡天下。”学者黄宗羲所言,“明亡于闯贼,乃亡国也,亡于满清,则亡天下”。“亡天下者,衣冠易改,披发左衽矣clothes是什么意思中文”。这里的“亡国”是现代意义上的政权消亡，这里的“亡天下”则是现代意义上的民族国家的沦亡。 历史学家顾诚先生在《南明史》第一章第一节写道：“在汉族官绅看来，大顺政权取代明朝只是“易姓改号”，朱明王朝的挣扎图存是宗室、皇亲国戚、世袭勋臣之类“肉食者”的事，同一般官绅士民没有多大关系；而满洲贵族的入主中原则是“披发左衽”（剃头改制），“亡天下”了；天下兴亡，匹夫有责，都应当奋起反抗。”可见，明朝的民众，已经把满清入关与以前的改朝换代严格区分开来。以前的改朝换代，只是中国内部的政权更换，满清入关，则被视为外侵。
满清入关，大儒学家顾炎武提出了“亡国”与“亡天下”之辨。他说:“有亡国,有亡天下。亡国与亡天下奚辨?曰:易姓改号,谓之亡国。仁义充塞而至于率兽食人,人将相食,谓之亡天下。”学者黄宗羲所言,“明亡于闯贼,乃亡国也,亡于满清,则亡天下”。“亡天下者,衣冠易改,披发左衽矣clothes是什么意思中文”。这里的“亡国”是现代意义上的政权消亡，这里的“亡天下”则是现代意义上的民族国家的沦亡。 历史学家顾诚先生在《南明史》第一章第一节写道：“在汉族官绅看来，大顺政权取代明朝只是“易姓改号”，朱明王朝的挣扎图存是宗室、皇亲国戚、世袭勋臣之类“肉食者”的事，同一般官绅士民没有多大关系；而满洲贵族的入主中原则是“披发左衽”（剃头改制），“亡天下”了；天下兴亡，匹夫有责，都应当奋起反抗。”可见，明朝的民众，已经把满清入关与以前的改朝换代严格区分开来。以前的改朝换代，只是中国内部的政权更换，满清入关，则被视为外侵。
Enter, Daru Jurists Gu Yanwu the "Nation" and "death" one of ethnicity. He said : "Nation, perish the world. Nation and the world perish 15:20 ethnicity? Said : Yixing change, known as the Nation. Ren injects As for the rate of animal food, will cannibalism, that the world perishes. "scholar Huang Zongxi said, "Ming perish in Chenzei, is also Nation, killed in the Qing Dynasty, the world will perish." "Perish world, attire easy to change, disheveled hair left overlapping part of Chinese gown carry." Here, "nation" is a modern sense, the power to vanish, and Here, "the world perish" is a modern sense, the end of the nation-state. Mr. historian GU Cheng "Nanming History" section I wrote the first chapter : "It appears in the Chinese officials, Girdles, Dashun regime replacing only the Ming Dynasty, "Yixing changed," Zhu Ming dynasty in the struggle to survive is the clan, the line. hereditary Xunchen like "Roushizhe" matter with the general Officials Making Christianity is not much; Manchu nobility and entered China principle is "disheveled hair left overlapping part of Chinese gown" (barber restructuring), "the world perish"; the rise and fall of everyone is responsible, should vigorously resist. "Thus, the Ming Dynasty, the people, Cheng has been put before the change of strictly separated. Before the change, but China's internal re
gime change, rulers, were viewed as a foreign invasion.
辛亥革命后，1912年成立“中华民国”简称“中国”，这个称谓才正式成为中国国号。1949年10月1日，新中国成立时，定名为“中华人民共和国”也简称“中国”。
辛亥革命后，1912年成立“中华民国”简称“中国”，这个称谓才正式成为中国国号。1949年10月1日，新中国成立时，定名为“中华人民共和国”也简称“中国”。
After 1911, in 1912 the establishment of the "Republic of China" or "Chinese", the title of China will formally become the country. October 1, 1949, when New China was founded, known as the "People's Republic of China" also referred to as "Chinese."
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