第15章 主谓一致
主谓一致是极为普遍的语法现象,具体指的是句子的谓语动词和主语须保持人称和数的一致。系动词be的各种人称形式包括am, is, was, are, were,前三者为单数,后两者为复数;动词have的现在时第三人称单数形式为has;其他动词的现在时第三人称单数形式是在词尾加-s或-es;除系动词be之外的动词复数形式并无特别标识。见下例:
Diligence is the mother of good fortune.
勤奋是好运之母。
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
每个人都是自己命运的建筑师。
如果主语部分较长,要看核心部分以确定其单复数。如:
The qualities of a leader come from within.
领导者的品质来自内心。(主语核心词为qualities)
All efficient armies are well disciplined.
一切战斗力强的军队无不纪律严明。(主语核心词为armies)
The career of fruit is respectable; the career of flowers is sweet.
果实的事业是尊贵的;花儿的事业是甜蜜的。(两个分句的主语核心词皆为career)
The great difference between those who succeed and those who fail does not consist in the amount of work done by each but in the amount of intelligent work.
成功者和失败者之间的重大差异并不在于每个人所做工作的多少,而在于所做聪明工作的多少。(主语核心词为difference)
有很多时候,判断主语单复数较为复杂,需区别对待,具体情况遵循具体的规则。
15.1 and连接的并列成分作主语时
因为由and连接的并列主语在数量上超过一个,多数情况下应看作复数。
Passion and enthusiasm are the seeds of achievement.
激情和热忱是成就的种子。
Sincerity and respect are the inner factors of polite speech.
诚挚和敬意是礼貌言语的内在因素。
Growth and change are the law of all life.
发展和变化是一切生命的法则。
Will and work are the cornerstones for success.
意志和勤奋是成功的基石。
但是,当并列主语指的是同一事物时,或者被看作一个整体概念时,则谓语动词用单数。
Care and diligence brings luck.
谨慎与勤奋带来运气。
resolve的名词形式Working and living with purpose is a practical approach.
有目的的工作和生活是一种讲求实际的态度。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只工作,不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。
There is a time and place for everything.
万事万物各应其时,各有其所。
个别时候,两个形容词作并列主语,表示一个抽象概念,看作单数。
Soft and fair goes far.
平心静气能够成功。
Slow and steady wins the race.
稳扎稳打,方能取胜。
并列主语被看作一个整体概念的情况还包括:
bread and butter 面包和黄油
heart and soul 全部心神
knife and fork 一副刀叉
science and technology 科学技术
15.2 名词+介词短语作主语时
由于介词短语是起修饰作用的部分,故不是主语重心,主语的单复数取决于前面的名词。
One plus one equals three or more.
一加一等于三或者更多。
Zeal without knowledge is fire without light.
没有知识的热情如同没有光亮的火焰。
Cooperation, like love and friendship, is something you get by giving.
像爱情和友谊一样,合作是通过给予而获得的东西。
A sound mind in a sound body is a short but full description of a happy state in this world.
健全的心智寓于健康的体魄是对世上一种幸福状态的简短但却完整的描述。
The fortune of our lives depends on employing well the short period of our youth.
人生的财富取决于充分利用青春的短暂时光。
15.3 集体名词作主语时
当集体名词表示整体概念时,应视为单数;当表示许多个体概念时,应看作复数。
A group of individuals, no matter how gifted, is not a team at all.
一个体,无论多么才华横溢,也根本不是一个团队。
The youth need to have ambition and dream.
青年人需要具有雄心和梦想。
Only a minority of people love their work.
只有少数人热爱自己的工作。
The majority see the obstacles; the few see the objectives.
大多数人看到的是障碍;极少数人看到的是目标。
常见的此类集体名词包括:
audience 观众 class 班级 committee 委员会
crew 全体工作人员 crowd 人 family 家庭
group 小组 majority 大多数人 minority 少数人
personnel 全体工作人员 police 警方 public 公众
staff 全体工作人员 team 团队 youth 青年人
15.4 不定代词作主语时
有些不定代词的单复数意义较为明确,如:
One of our weaknesses is the habit of trying to reap before we have sown.
我们的一个弱点就是习惯于还没有播种就想收获。
One of the greatest aids to making good is the ability to put yourself in the other person’s shoes in all situations.
成功最好的手段之一就是能够在所有情况下都设身处地进行换位思考。
Many of life’s failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up.
人生的许多失败者在他们放弃时并未意识到他们距成功仅咫尺之遥。
Many receive advice, but only those wise profit by it.
得建议者多,唯智者获益。
Everybody lives for something better to come.
每个人都为追求更美好的事物而生活。
No one remains quite what he was when he recognizes himself.
当一个人认清自己时,就不再是原来的自己了。
当all指人或指具体的可数事物时,看作复数;当all所指事物不明确或指不可数事物时,看作单数。
When a pickpocket meets a saint, all he sees are the pockets.
当扒手遇见圣人,他看到的只是圣人的口袋。
All is not gold that glitters.
闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金。
All that is great comes through work.
一切伟大的事物都来自勤奋。
All appears to change when we change.
当我们做出改变的时候,一切似乎都会发生改变。
当neither或none作主语时,多用单数,但也可使用复数。
None is born a master.
谁生来也不是名家。
None knows the weight of another’s burden.
没有人知道别人肩上的担子有多重。
None of us are as smart as all of us.
没有哪个人能抵得上所有人的聪明。
15.5 数量词作主语时
当百分比、分数等作主语时,如果指可数名词,看作复数;如果指不可数名词,看作单数。
Only a small percentage of people are really independent.
只有一小部分人是真正独立的。
Ninety-nine percent of failures come from people who have the habit of making excuses.
百分之九十九的失败者来自爱借口的人。
Nine-tenths of wisdom consists in being wise in time.
十分之九的智慧在于聪明得及时。
当many a (许多)修饰名词作主语时,被修饰名词使用单数,谓语动词也用单数。
Many a true word is spoken in jest.
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