非谓语动词
定义
不做句子的谓语,而是充当其他语法功能的动词叫做非谓语动词。分为三种:不定式(Infinitive),分词(Participles),动名词(Gerund)。
用法:承担句子成分
主语 | 宾语 | 表语 | 介宾 | 宾补 | 定语 | 状语 | |
不定式 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
分词 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
动名词 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
一、 非谓语动词和谓语动词的区别
谓语动词的作用明确而单一,非谓语动词的作用丰富:
1.非谓语动词作名词词性(不定式和动名词)
Your duty is to look after the children. 你的工作是照看好孩子。
Complaining is no use. 抱怨是没有用的。
2. 非谓语动词做形容词词性(分词、不定式和动名词)
The vase is broken. 那个花瓶破了。
He is a nice person to work with. 他是一个很好共事的人。
We found the story amusing. 我们发现这个故事很有意思。
3. 非谓语动词做副词词性(不定式和分词)
They are working hard to win still greater victory. 他们在努力工作争取更大的胜利。
The sick man came in, supported by two nurses.
二、非谓语动词的用法
A 不定式(to do)在非谓语动词中,不定式的用法最广泛。它在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和主语补足语或宾语补足语。也就是说,不定式可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分。
1. 做主语
To say something is one thing, to do it is another. 说是一码事,干是另一码事。
* 注:形式主语it,当不定式做主语时,特别是当主语较长而谓语较短时,常用“it”作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在谓语的后面。此种用法在日常英语中尤为常见。
It is not fair to blame them for the accident. 把这次事故归咎于他们是不公平的。
但是,当主语和表语都是不定式时,不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。
To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。
To become a slave is to give up one's freedom. 做奴隶就等于放弃自由。
2. 作表语
My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately. 我的建议是马上将此计划付诸实施。
The question is how to organize the work. 问题是如何组织这项工作。
3. 作宾语
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。
①作动词的宾语:不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。
Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。
I never thought to meet you here. 我没想到在这里遇见你。
He offered to go with us. 他提出和我们一块去。
I don’t know where to get the books. 我不知道从哪搞到这本书。
常跟不定式做宾语的动词有:
afford agree aim arrange attempt ask bother beg care choose claim consent continue dare decide decline demand deserve desire determine endeavor expect fail forget happen hesitate hope intend learn long manage mean need neglect offer plan pledge prepare pretend proceed promise refuse remember resolve seek strive struggle tend threaten try undertake venture volunteer wait want wish
* 注:在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后,如果宾语带有宾语补足语时,人们常常用it作形式宾语,而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer. 我发现有可能不用计算机而解出这道题目。
She made it a rule to get up at five. 她养成了五点起床的习惯。
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings. 我认为指出他们的缺点是我的责任。
②作介词的宾语:不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。
The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard. 老师除了叫他努力学习外,未做任何评价。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择,只好像往常一样坐在那儿。
There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我们只能耐心等待。
③作形容词的宾语:不定式作(表语)形容词的宾语有两种句型,一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语,另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
❶* +不定式+逻辑主语的表语形容词有:
able afraid angry anxious careful clever content cruel determined disappointed eager foolish fortunate frightened happy impatient glad lucky naughty prepared resolve的名词形式proud ready slow shocked sorry surprised willing
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. 很遗憾,他的情况每况愈下
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town. 她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。
John was happy to be given the job. 约翰得到这份工作很高兴。
❷+不定式+逻辑宾语的形容词有:
easy hard cheap expensive dangerous difficult funny fit impossible interesting nice pleasant simple strange useful
This problem is easy to solve. 这个问题很容易解决。
The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适于饮用。
She is hard to get along with. 她这个人很难相处。
The river is dangerous to swim in. 在这条河里游泳很危险。
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on. 席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。
4. 作宾语补足语或主语补足语
①在主动语态句中做复合宾语的一部分,即宾语的补语,在被动语态句中做复合主语的一部分,即主语补足语。
Mr. Smith wants his son to become a lawyer. 史密斯先生希望他的儿子成为一名律师。
The suspected man was seen to enter the building. 有人看见嫌疑人进入了大楼。
常跟不定式做宾补的动词有:
ask advise allow beg cause compel command direct enable encourage expect feel force get hate have hear help inspire intend invite instruct lead let make notice observe order permit persuade press remind request teach tell urge want watch warn wish
I should like you to finish the work as soon as possible. 我倒希望你能尽早完成这项工作。
The chairman would prefer the matter to be discussed at the next meeting. 主席希望这个问题在下次会上讨论。
* hope, demand 和suggest不可以用不定式结构做宾补,但可以跟that引导的宾语从句。
【误】He hoped me to give him more help.
【正】He hoped that I would give him more help.
【误】The doctor suggests my father to stop smoking.
【正】The doctor suggests that my father should stop smoking.
* 注: ❶在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语,并且不定式都不带to。这类动词有:see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。
I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天我听见他们唱歌了。
Did you see him go out 你看见他出去了吗?
I felt something crawl up my leg. 我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。
❷转为被动语态时,原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式。notice和watch没有被动语态。
We saw the car stop. → The car was seen to stop. 我们看见这辆车停了下来。
❸在使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式不带to,这些动词有: 一感:feel;二听:hear, listen to;三让:let, have, make;四观看:observe, see, watch, look at
版权声明:本站内容均来自互联网,仅供演示用,请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198,我们将在24小时内删除。
发表评论