CRONYM | TERM | 中文译名 |
(CP) | Confirmation Prototype | 确认样车 |
<FS> | Final Status | 最终状态 |
(J1) | Job 1 | 整车投产 |
(PT) | P/T Design Complete | 动力传动系统设计结束 |
PT(P/T) | Power Train | 动力传动系统 |
(ST) | Surface Transfer | 表面参数传递 |
<F> | Change Cut-Off | 更改完成 |
<LR> | Launch Readiness | 投产准备就绪 |
<LS> | Launch Sign-Off | 投产验收 |
<PA> | Program Approval | 项目批准 |
<PH> | Proportions & Hardpoints | 比例与固定点 |
<PR> | Product Readiness | 产品准备就绪 |
<PS1> | Pre<SI> Milestone 1 | SI前里程碑1 |
<PS2> | Pre<SI> Milestone 2 | SI前里程碑2 |
<SC> | Strategic Confirmation | 策略确认 |
<SI> | Strategic Intent | 策略意向 |
<SP> | Strategic Planning | 策略计划 |
(SP) | Structural Prototype | 样车结构 |
(TTO) | Tool Try-Out | 工装设备试运行 |
Global 8D | Eight disciplinary Actions | G8D (福特公司解决问题的标准方法) |
14D | More Detailed than Global 8D (used to contain and resolve stop-shipment/recall problems) | 更详细的细节(包括并解决停止运货/召回问题) |
1MIS | One Month in Service | 投入使用1个月 |
1PP | First Production Proveout | 第一次试生产 |
2PP | Second Production Proveout | 第二次试生产 |
3MIS | Three Months in Service | 投入使用3个月 |
4P | Production Process Proveout Program | 生产程序验证项目 |
AAA | American Automobile Association | 美国汽车工业联合会 |
ABS | Affordable Business Structure | 可承受商业结构 |
ABS | Anti skid brake system | 防抱死制动系统 |
AIAG | Automotive Industry Action Group | 机动车工业行动小组 |
AIC | Accelerated Implementation Centre | 快速实施中心 |
AIM | Automated Issues Matrix | 问题结构图 |
AIMS | Automated Issues Matrix System | 问题结构图系统 |
AME | Advanced Manufacturing Engineering | 先进制造工艺 |
AMPPE | Advanced Manufacturing Pre-Program Engineering | 先进项目前制造工艺 |
ANOVA | Analysis of Variance | 多样性分析 |
AP | Attribute Prototype | 设计样车 |
APEAL | Automotive Performance Execution and Layout | 机动车性能实施与规划 |
APQP | Advanced Product Quality Planning | 先进产品质量计划 |
ASQ | American Society for Quality | 美国质量协会 |
AV | Appraiser Variation | 评估者的多样性 |
AVT | Advance Vehicle Technology | 先进车辆技术 |
AWS | Analytical Warranty System | 分析性的保修系统 |
AXOD | Automatic Transaxle Overdrive Transmission | 自动变速驱动桥超速档传动系 |
B&A | Body & Assembly Operations (New Term: Vehicle Operations) | 车身与组装操作(新术语:车辆操作) |
BCG | Business Consumer Group | 消费者工作组 |
BIC | Best in Class | 等级中的最佳 |
BIS | Body Shop Information System | 车身工作间信息系统 |
BLI | Business Leadership Initiative | 领导层初始意向 |
BOM | Bill Of Materials | 零件清单 |
BTB | Bumper-to-Bumper | 保险杠到保险杠 |
BTS | Build-To-Schedule | 按日程建造 |
BUR | Business Unit Review | 业务小组讨论 |
CAS | Capacity Analysis Sheet | 能力分析表 |
C/E | Cause & Effect | 成因及影响 |
CA | Customer Attribute | 消费者特性resolve的名词形式 |
CAD | Computer Aided Design | 计算机辅助设计 |
CAE | Computer Aided Engineering | 计算机辅助工程 |
CAP | Corrective Action Plan | 纠正行动计划 |
CBG | Consumer Business Group | 消费者业务小组 |
CC | Critical Characteristic | 评价特性 |
CC | Courtesy Copy | 抄送 |
CC | Carbon Copy | 副本 |
CCC | Customer Concern Classification | 客户问题分类 |
CDS | Component Design Specification | 零件设计参数 |
CET | Campaignable Events Team | 召回情况小组 |
CETs | Common External Tariff | 普通关税 |
CETP | Corporate Engineering Test Procedures | 公司工程测试程序 |
CFR | Constant Failure Rate | 连续故障率 |
CIM | Computer Integrated Manufacturing | 计算机综合制造 |
CIWG | Continuous Improvement Work Group | 持续改进工作组 |
CL | Centerline | 中心线 |
CMM | Coordinate Measuring Machine | 协调测量设备 |
CMMS | Common Material Management System | 通用材料管理系统 |
CMMS3 | Common Manufacturing Management System-3 | 通用制造管理系统-3 |
Code X | Pre-build focusing on exterior components | 制造前关注的外部零件 |
Code Y | Pre-build focusing on interior components | 制造前关注的内部零件 |
CP | Common Position | 通用位置 |
Cp | Relates the allowable spread of the specification limits to the measure of the actual variation of the process. | 将参数限制允许限度下的展开与程序实际多样性联系起来 |
CPE | Chief Program Engineer | 首席项目工程师 |
Cpk | Measures the process variation with respect to the allowable specification, and takes into account the location of the process average | 测量程序的多样性并将其考虑到程序平均性的位置中 |
CPU | Cost Per Unit | 单位成本 |
CQDC | Corporate Quality Development Center | 公司质量开发中心 |
CQIS | Common Quality Indicator System | 一般质量指标系统 |
CR | Concern Responses | 问题回复 |
CRT | Component Review Team | 零件讨论组 |
CSA | Corporate Security Administrator | 公司安全管理员 |
CSI | Customer Service Index | 客户服务指数 |
DCO | Duty Cycle Output | 责任循环结果 |
DCP | Dynamic Control Planning | 动态控制计划 |
DDL | Direct Data Link | 直接数据连接 |
Df | Degrees of Freedom | 自由度 |
DFA | Design for Assembly | 总成设计 |
DFM | Design for Manufacturability | 制造能力设计 |
DFMEA | Design Failure Mode Effects Analysis | 故障模式影响分析设计 |
DFR | Decreasing Failure Rate | 故障下降率 |
DMA | Database Maintenance Administrator | 数据库维护管理人员 |
DOE | Design of Experiment | 试验设计 |
DOM | Dealer Operations Manager | 经销商业务经理 |
DP | Design Parameters | 参数设计 |
DQR | Durability Quality and Reliability | 耐久性质量与可靠性 |
DTD | Dock to Dock | 码头至码头 |
DTD | Design to Delivery | 设计到交付 |
DV | Design Verification | 设计验证 |
DVM | Design Verification Method | 设计验证方式 |
DVP | Design Verification Plan | 设计验证计划 |
DVP&PV | Design Verification Process and Production Validation | 设计验证程序和产品验证 |
DVP&R | Design Verification Plan & Report | 设计验证计划和结果 |
DVPR | Design Verification & Product Reliability | 设计验证和产品可靠性 |
DVPV | Design Verification and Process Verification | 设计验证和程序验证 |
EAO | European Automotive Operations | 欧洲机动车协会 |
EASI | Engineering And Supply Information | 工程和供应信息 |
ECAR | Electronic Connector Acceptability Rating | 电子连接接受比率 |
EDI | Electronic Data Interchange | 电子数据交换 |
EESE | Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering | 电力及电子系统工程 |
EMM | Expanded Memory Manager | 扩展内存管理器 |
EMS | Environmental Management System | 环境管理系统 |
EOL | End of Line | 线的端点 |
EQI | Extraordinary Quality Initiative | 特别初始质量 |
ES | Engineering Specifications | 工程参数 |
ESI | Early Supplier Involvement | 早期供应商参与 |
ESP | Extended Service Plan | 延期服务计划 |
ESTA | Early Sourcing Target Agreement | 早期选点目标协议 |
ESWP | Early Sourcing Work Plan | 早期选点工作计划 |
EV | Equipment Variation | 设备变更 |
F&T | Facility & Tooling | 工装设备 |
FACT | Facilitation and Certification Training | 简易化及认证培训 |
FASS | Field Action/Stop Shipment | 区域行动/停止运货 |
FA/SS | Field Action/Stop Shipment (Preferred Acronym) | 区域行动/停止运货(优先使用缩写) |
FAO | Ford Automotive Operations | 福特机动车协会 |
FAP | Ford Automotive Procedure | 福特机动车程序 |
FAQ | Frequently Asked Questions | 常见问答 |
FCPA | Ford Consumer Product Audit | 福特客户产品审核 |
FCSD | Ford Customer Service Division | 福特客户售后服务分枝机构 |
FDVS | Ford Design Verification System | 福特设计验证系统 |
FER | Fresh Eyes Review | 其它行业人员论证 |
FER | Final Engineering Review | 最终工程论证 |
FEU | Field Evaluation Unit | 区域评估组 |
FIFO | First in First Out | 先进先出 |
FMEA | Failure Mode Effects Analysis | 故障模式影响分析 |
FMVSS | Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards | 美国联邦机动车安全标准 |
FPDS | Ford Product Development System | 福特产品开发系统 |
FPS | Ford Production System | 福特生产系统 |
FPSI | Ford Production System Institute | 福特产品系统学院 |
FPS IT | Ford Production System Information Technology | 福特产品系统信息技术 |
FOB | Ford of Britain | 福特英国 |
FQRs | Frequent Quality Rejects | 经常性质量不合格品 |
FR | Functional Requirements | 功能要求 |
FRG | FAO Reliability Guide | FAO (福特机动车运作) 可靠性指导 |
FS | Final Sign-off | 最终验收 |
FSIC | Ford System Integration Council | 福特系统综合委员会 |
FSN | Ford Supplier Network | 福特供应商网络 |
FSS | Full Service Suppliers | 全方位服务供应商 |
FTDC | Fairlane Training and Development Center | 培训和发展中心 |
FTEP | Ford Technical Educational Program | 福特技术培训项目 |
FTT | First Time Through | 首次通过 |
FUNC-APPRV | Functional Approvals | 功能批准 |
FVEP | Finished Vehicle Evaluation Program | 下线车辆评估项目 |
GAP | Global Architecture Process | 全球建筑设计程序 |
GC | Global Craftsmanship | 全球技术工艺 |
GCARS | Global Craftsmanship Attribute Rating System | 全球技术特性评分系统 |
GCEQ | Global Core Engineering Quality | 全球核心工程质量 |
GEM | Generic Electronic Module | 通用电子模块 |
GIS1 | Global Information Standards | 全球信息标准 |
GPIRS | Global Prototype Inventory Requisition and Scheduling | 全球样车库存及控制安排 |
GPP | Global Parts Pricing | 全球零件定价 |
GQRS | Global Quality Research System | 全球质量调查系统 |
GRC | UN-ECE Group des Raporteurs de Ceintures | 欧盟 ECE 安全带规划小组 |
GRC | Government Regulations Coordinator | 政府法规协调员 |
GR&R | Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility | 量具重复性和再现性 |
GRVW | Gross Vehicle Weight | 车辆质量 |
GSDB | Global Supplier Database | 全球供应商数据库 |
GSSM | Global Sourcing Stakeholders Meeting | 全球选点股东大会 |
GYR | Green-Yellow-Red | 绿-黄-红 |
HI | High-Impact | 重大影响 |
HIC | High-Impact Characteristics | 重大影响特性 |
HR | Human Resources | 人力资源 |
HTFB | Hard Tooled Functional Build | 成形机功能建造 |
HVAC | Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning | 加热通风和空调 |
ICA | Interim Containment Action | 过渡性补救措施 |
ICCD | Intensified Customer Concern Database | 强化的客户问题数据库 |
ICCD CRS | Intensified Customer Concern Database Concern Resolution Specialist | 强化的客户问题数据库解决问题专员 |
IE | Industrial Engineer | 产业工程师 |
IFR | Increasing Failure Rate | 故障率增长 |
ILVS | In-Line Vehicle Sequencing | 车辆顺序 |
IM | Industrial Materials | 工业材料 |
IP | Instrument Panel | 仪表板 |
IPD | In Plant Date | 进厂日 |
IQ | Incoming Quality | 进货质量 |
IQS2 | Initial Quality Study | 初始质量研究 |
IR | Internal Reject | 内部不合格品 |
ISO | International Organization for Standardization | 国际标准化组织 |
ISPC | In-Station Process Controls | 过程质量控制 |
JIT | Just in Time | 及时 |
JPH | Jobs Per Hour | 每小时工作量 |
JSA | Job Safety Analysis | 工作安全分析 |
KKK | PSW not ready for inspection | PSW (零件质量合格验收) 未做好检测准备 |
KLT | Key Life Test | 关键使用寿命测试 |
KO | Kickoff | 起动 |
LCL | Lower Control Limit | 低控制限值 |
LDEM | Lean Design Evaluation Matrix | 设计评估表 |
LOA | Letter of Agreement | 协议书 |
LP&T | Launch Planning & Training | 投产计划和培训 |
LR | Launch Readiness | 投产准备就绪 |
LRR | Launch Readiness Review | 投产准备就绪论证 |
LS | Launch Sign-Off | 投产验收 |
LSL | Lower Specification Limit | 低参数限制 |
LTDB | Light Truck Data Base | 轻型卡车数据库 |
MBJ1 | Months Before Job One | Job1(投产)前1个月 |
MBO | Manufacturing Business Office | 制造办公室 |
ME | Manufacturing Engineering | 制造工程 |
MIS | Months in Service | 使用中的月份 |
MMSA | Material Management System Assessment | 物料管理系统评定 |
MP&L | Materials, Planning and Logistics | 材料、计划与物流 |
MPPS | Manufacturing Process Planning System | 制造程序计划系统 |
MOD | Module | 模块 |
MRB | Material Review Board | 物料论证板 |
MRD | Material Required Date | 物料要求到厂日 |
MS | Material Specifications | 物料参数 |
MS3(MSIII) | Material Supply Version III | 物料供应(第三版) |
MTC | Manage the Change | 管理变更 |
MY | Model Year | 年度车型 |
NAAO | North American Automotive Operations | 北美汽车工业协会 |
NFM | Noise Factor Management | 噪声管理 |
NIST | National Institute of Standards and Testing | 全国标准和测试协会 |
NMPDC | New Model Program Development Center | 新车型项目开发中心 |
Nova C | New Overall Vehicle Audit | 新车总评审 |
NTEI | New Tooled End Items | 新工具加工成品 |
NVH | Noise, Vibration, Harshness | 噪声、振动、操纵平顺性 |
OCM | Operating Committee Meeting | 工作委员会会议 |
OEE | Overall Equipment Efficiency | 总体设备效率 |
OEM | Original Equipment Manufacturer | 设备最初制造厂 |
ONP | Owner Notification Program | 车主告知程序 |
OS | Operator Safety | 操作者安全 |
OTG | Open to Go | 可进行 |
P Diagrams | Parameter Diagrams | 参数图表 |
PA | Program Approval | 项目批准 |
PAG | Premier Automotive Group | 首要机动车项目组 |
PAL | Project Attribute Leadership | 项目特性领导层 |
PAT | Program Activity Team, Program Attribute Team, or Program Action Team | 项目促进小组、项目特性小组和项目行动小组 |
PCA | Permanent Corrective Action | 持续改进行动 |
PCI | Product Change Information | 产品变更信息 |
PD | Product Development | 产品开发 |
PDL | Program Design Language | 项目设计语言 |
PD Q1 | Product Development Q1 | 产品开发Q1 |
PDSA | Plan, Do, Study, Act | 计划、实践、研讨、实施 |
PFMEA | Process Failure Mode Effects Analysis | 程序故障模式影响分析 |
PI | Process Improvement | 程序改进 |
PIPC | Percentage of Ppk Indices Process Capable | Ppk指数程序能力百分比 |
PIST | Percentage of Inspection Point That Satisfy Tolerance | 满足公差要求的检查点百分比 |
PM | Program Manger | 项目经理 |
PMA | Project Management Analyst | 项目管理分析 |
PMT | Program Management Team or Program Module Team | 项目管理组或项目模式组 |
PO | Purchase Order | 采购订单 |
POC | Point of Contact | 联系点 |
POT | Process Ownership Team | 程序所有者小组 |
Pp | Process Potential | 程序潜力 |
PP&T | Product Planning & Technology | 产品计划和技术 |
PPAP | Production Part Approval Process | 生产零件批准程序 |
Ppk | Process Capability | 程序能力 |
PPC | Product Planning Committee | 产品计划委员会 |
PPL | Program Parts List | 项目零件清单 |
PPM | Parts per Million (applied to defective Supplier parts) | 零件的百万分比率(适用于供应商不合格零件) |
PPPM | Program and Pre-Production Management | 程序和投产前管理 |
PR | Public Relations | 公共关系 |
PR | Product Requirement | 产品要求 |
PR | Product Readiness Milestone | 产品就绪时间节点 |
PSO | Production Standard Order | 制造标准订单 |
PSS | Private Switching Service | 私人转接服务 |
PST | Program Steering Team | 项目指导小组 |
PSW | Part Submission Warrant | 零件质量合格验收 |
PTO | Powertrain Operations | 传动系统操纵件 |
PTR | Platinum Resistance Thermometer | 铂金电阻温度计 |
PV | Production Validation | 产品验证 |
PV | Process Variables | 程序变更 |
PV | Part Variation | 零件变更 |
PVBR | Prototype Vehicle Build Requirements | 样车制造要求 |
PVM | Production Validation Method | 产品验证方法 |
PVP | Powertrain Validation Program | 传动系统验证程序 |
PVT | Product Vehicle Team or Plant Vehicle Team | 产品车辆组或工厂车辆组 |
QA | Quality Assurance | 质量保证 |
QC | Quality Control | 质量控制 |
QCT | Quality Cost Timing | 质量成本时机选择 |
QFD | Quality Function Deployment | 质量功能配备 |
QFTF | Quality Focused Test Fleet | 质量节点测试行动组 |
QLS | Quality Leadership System | 质量领导体系 |
QMS | Quality Management System | 质量管理体系 |
QOS | Quality Operating System | 质量运作体系 |
QOE | Quality of Event | 质量事件 |
QPM | Quality Program Manager | 质量项目经理 |
QPS | Quality Process System | 质量程序系统 |
QR | Quality Reject | 质量不合格 |
QS-9000 | Quality Systems – 9000 | 质量体系-9000 |
QSA-PD | Quality System Assessment for Product Development | 产品开发质量体系评估 |
QTM | Quality Team Member | 质量小组成员 |
QVA | Quality-Focused Value Analysis Workshop | 车间质量重点价值分析 |
R | Range | 范围 |
R&M | Reliability and Maintainability | 可靠性及可维护性 |
RMS | Resource Management System | 资源管理系统 |
R&R | Repeatability and Reproducibility | 重复性和再现性 |
R&R | Roles and Responsibilities | 职务与责任 |
R&VT | Research & Vehicle Technology | 研究与车辆技术 |
R/1000 | Repairs per thousand | 修理千分率 |
RAP | Remote Anti-theft Personality module | 防盗遥控器个性化模式 |
REDPEPR | Robust Engineering Design Process Enabler Project | 积极的工程设计程序计划 |
RIE | Reliability Improvement Engineer | 可靠性改进工程师 |
ROA | Return on Assets | 资产回报率 |
ROCOF | Rate of Occurrence of Failure | 故障发生率 |
RPN | Risk Priority Number | 优先处理风险号码 |
RRCL | Reliability and Robustness Check List | 可靠性与强有力的核对表 |
RRDM | Reliability and Robustness Demonstration Matrix | 可靠性与强有力的演示图表 |
RRR | PSW rejected | PSW (零件质量合格验收) 不合格 |
RWUP | Real World Usage Profile | 现实生活使用记录 |
S | Standard deviation | 标准偏差 |
s2 | Variance | 多样性 |
SC | Significant Characteristics | 重要特性 |
SCs/CCs | Significant Characteristics/Critical Characteristics | 重要特性/评价特性 |
SCAC | Supplier Craftsmanship Advisory Committee | 供应商技术顾问委员会 |
SCTs | Strategic Commodity Teams | 策略性商品组 |
SDS | System Design Specifications | 系统设计参数 |
SDS | Subsystem Design Specification | 子系统设计参数 |
SEVA | Systems Engineering Value Analysis | 系统工程价值分析 |
SHARP | Safety and Health Assessment Review Process | 安全和健康评估讨论程序 |
SI | System International des Unit | 国际单位制 |
SIM | Supplier Improvement Metrics | 供应商改进步骤 |
SMART | Synchronous Material and Replenishment Trigger | 同步物料与补给触发器 |
SME | Subject Matter Expert | 主题专家 |
SMF | Synchronous Material Flow | 同步物料流程 |
SOW | Statement of Work | 工作陈述 |
SP/AP | Structural Prototype/Attribute Prototype | 结构原形/特性原形 |
SP&PI | Strategic Process & Product Improvement | 策略性程序和产品改进 |
SPC | Special Product Committee | 特殊产品委员会 |
SPC | Statistical Process Control | 统计程序控制 |
SPROM | Sample Promise Date | 承诺的样品到货日 |
SREA | Supplier Request for Engineering Approval | 供应商要求工程批准 |
SRI | Supplier Responsible Issues | 供应商责任 |
SSI | Sales Satisfaction Index | 销售满意度指标 |
SSM | Strategic Sourcing Meeting | 策略选点会议 |
ST | Surface Transfer | 表面转移 |
STA | Supplier Technical Assistance | 供应商技术支持 |
STARS | Supplier Tracking and Reporting System | 供应商跟踪及汇报系统 |
SVC | Small Vehicle Center | 小型车中心 |
TA | Target Agreement | 目标协议 |
TAP | Target Achievement Plan | 目标完成计划 |
TCM | Total Cost Management | 总成本管理 |
TED | Things Engineers Do | 工程师任务 |
TEG | Tooling and Equipment Group | 工装及设备组 |
TEM | Total Equipment Management | 全部设备管理 |
TGR | Things Gone Right | 事态发展正确 |
TGW | Things Gone Wrong | 事态发展错误 |
TIS | Time in Service | 服务期限 |
TOC | Table of Contents | 目录 |
TPM | Total Productive Maintenance | 全部生产维护 |
TPPS | Torque Process Potential Study | 扭矩程序潜力研究 |
TQC | True Quality Characteristics | 真实质量特性 |
TRIZ (Russian) | Theory of Inventive Problem Solving | 创造性解决问题的理论(俄罗斯) |
TRMC | Timing, Release and Material Control (also known as Tar-Mac) | 时效性、发布和物料控制(同Tar-Mac) |
TS-16949 | Technical Specification – 16949 | 技术规范-16949 |
TSP | Technical Skills Program | 技术性技能项目 |
UCL | Upper Control Limit | 上限控制 |
USL | Upper Specification Limit | 参数上限 |
V/C | Very or Completely Satisfied | 非常或完全满意 |
VC | Vehicle Center | 汽车中心 |
VC Buyer | Vehicle Center Buyer (now Consumer Business Group Buyer) | 车辆中心客户(现在为商务集团购买客户) |
VDI | Vehicle Dependability Index | 车辆可靠性指标 |
VDS | Vehicle Design Specifications | 车辆设计参数 |
VDS | Vehicle Descriptor Section | 车辆描述组 |
VER | Vehicle Evaluation Ratings | 车辆评估等级 |
VFG | Vehicle Function Group | 车辆功能组 |
VIN | Vehicle Identification Number | 车辆识别代码 |
VLD | Vehicle Line Director | 车辆生产线总监 |
VO | Vehicle Office | 车辆办公室 |
VO | Vehicle Operations | 车辆运作 |
VOGO | Vehicle Operations General Office | 车辆运作综合办公室 |
VP | Vice President | 副总裁 |
VPMC | Vehicle Project Management Coordinator | 车辆项目管理协调员 |
VPP | Vehicle Program Plan | 车辆项目计划 |
VQL | Vehicle Quality Level | 车辆质量级别 |
VQR | Vehicle Quality Review | 车辆质量研讨 |
VRT | Vehicle Review Team | 车辆研讨小组 |
VRT | Variability Reduction Team | 减少差异小组 |
VRT | Vehicle Reduction Team | 车辆减产小组 |
WAS | Work Analysis Sheet | 工作分析表 |
WCR | Worldwide Customer Requirements | 全球客户需求 |
WERS | Worldwide Engineering Release System | 全球工程发布系统 |
WIP | Work In Progress | 进行中的工作 |
WMI | World Manufacturing Identifier | 世界制造商识别代码 |
WPRC | Warranty Parts Return Center | 维修部件回收中心 |
YS/YC | Potential Significant and Critical Characteristics | 潜在的重要和评价特性 |
Remark: Editor adds the content in shadow. 备注:阴影部分的内容为编者增加。
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