动词不定式的用法1
1. 不定式的构成
不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以doresolve的名词形式为例）：
一般式to do  被动式to be done  完成式to have done  完成被动式 to have been done
进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing 其否定形式是由not加 不定式构成。如：
His works are said to have been translated into many languages.据说他的作品被译成了多种文字。
He pretended to be reading when his mother came in. 当他母亲进来时，他假装在看书。
His sister told him not to read in the sun. 他的让他不要在阳光下看书。
Mother made him get up early yesterday.昨天母亲让他起得很早。
2. 不定式各种形式的用法
动词不定式的一般式表示要做的事，当主语或被修饰词是不定式的动词的动作承受者时，不定式常用被动式；如果其动作发生的时间早于谓语动词所发生的时间，这时不定式就常用完成式；这时，如果主语或被修饰词是不定式动词所表示动作的承受者，则不定式用完成被动式；如果不定式表示一个正在发生的动作，则用进行式。如：
He is said to have gone abroad, but I don’t know in which country he is learning now.
据说他正在出了国。但是我不知道他现在正在哪一个国家学习。
He seems to be writing an article. But I don’t know what it is about. 他似乎在写一篇文章。但是我不知道是关于什么的。
His works are said to have been translated into many languages.据说他的作品被译成了多种文字。
3. 不定式的主动与被动形式
一般说来，如果不定式的修饰成分是其动作的发出者，动词不定式用主动形式，如果是其动作的承受者，则用被动式。但是有些情况下要注意：
（1）在have something to do 中如果主语是动词不定式的动作发出者，则用主动式，如果主语不是动词不定式的动作发出者，则不定式用被动式 have something to be done。例如：
1. I have to a question to ask.  我有个问题要问。
2. I am going to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken? 我明天要去北京，你有东西要带吗？
（2）在不定式作定语时。如果句中有其动作发出者用主动形式，在there be 句型中也常用不定式的主动形式但是如果强调动作本身，用被动式也可以。例如：
1. Give me something to eat, please. 请给我点东西吃。
2. There are many plans to make/ to be made.
There is nothing to do/to be done.
但是：There is nothing to speak of 不要用to be spoken of
There is plenty to eat. 不要用 to be eaten.
4. 疑问词跟不定式的结构
动词不定式可以和疑问词搭配构成不定式短语，在句子中可做主语，宾语，表语，同位语相当于名词性从句；和关系代词搭配作定语，就相当于定语从句。例如：
How to solve the problem is a big problem. (做主语)
I don’t know what to do next step.（做宾语）
What made me confused was how to do the work well.（做表语）
She has only one dollar and eighty-seven cents with which to buy her husband a gift.（做定语）
5. 不定式的语法作用
不定式在其内部具有动词特点所以它可以带有自己的修饰语，同时它还具有名词，形容词，副词的性质，所以在句子中可以充当主语，宾语，定语，状语，表语，补足语，插入语。
（1）不定式做主语
不定式做主语常指比较具体的要做的事情。但总的说来和动名词区别不大。例如：
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek. 爱与被爱是一个人所能寻的最大幸福。
For one to know everything is difficult.
How to get rid of rats and flies is a big problem.
There is no greater shame than for you to forget her.
动词不定式在做主语时常用it替代，而把动词不定式放到表语或宾语的后面。例如：
It is not always easy to tell a lie.
It requires a lot of money to build a house.
It is impossible for one to know everything.
It is unknown to us what to do and where to go.
在下列结构中一般用不定式做主语：It is important/essential/necessary to do sth.。而在下列结构中常用动名词做主语: It is no good/no use/ no help doing sth.。例如：
It is important for us students to learn English well.
It is necessary to tell him about that.
It is no good doing evil even toward evil people.
（2）动词不定式做宾语
动词不定式一般可做及物动词的宾语，动名词也可以做宾语，介词后面常跟动名词做宾语，除了but，except，besides等少数的介词之外。例如：
I proposed to abolish/abolishing the rules.
We omitted to do/doing it.
He neglected to pay/paying the fee.
动名词也可以做宾语他们之间的区别在于：不定式表具体，动名词表一般。试比较：I don’t like to play basketball today. I don’t like playing basketball.
但是有些及物动词只能跟动词不定式做宾语，这些动词如下：wish, hope, expect, manage, pretend, plan, decide, determine, fail, intend, promise, long, afford, arrange等等。例如：
John decided to marry her.
I cannot to afford to get sick.
They wished to have organized a party.
He failed to pass the exam though he tried his best.
但是，下列动词则要求必须跟动名词做宾语：advise, suggest, forbid, permit, enjoy, mind, finish, excuse, admit, miss, dislike, can’t help(禁不住), can’t stand, practice, imagine, resist, resolve等。例如：
He had finished doing his homework before his mother came back.
I couldn’t help laughing at his words.
If you want to learn English well, you must practice speaking it as often as possible.
有些动词跟不定式和跟动名词表示的时间不一样，如regret, remember, forget。跟不定式表示没有做过的事情；而跟动名词则表示做过的事情。例如：
I regret to tell you that you are dismissed.
I remember meeting him somewhere before.
Don’t forget to take your umbrella in case it rains.
有些动词跟不定式和动名词表示的意思不同。如stop, mean, try等。例如：
After a long walk, he stopped to have a rest.
They stopped talking as soon as the teacher came in.
I didn’t mean to hurt you.
The heavy rain means our staying one more day here.
Why not try taking a boat to give yourself a change.
I tried to persuade him but failed.
另外，在动词want, need, require 的后面一般跟不定式做宾语，跟单个的动名词则是主动表被动,如果带有的修饰成分较长也可以用不定式的被动式。例如：
He wants to see you and tell you something important.

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