非谓语动词之 to do和ing的区别
一，作主语时的区别
不定式指较具体的行为
Ing表示抽象或者泛指的动作（但在实际应用中通常已经可以互换）
注意：两者都可以用it作形式主语，但结构不同
1）ing词it is + no using/no good/useless/ a waste of time + doing sth
        There is no + ing =it is impossible to do sth
Eg.it’s no use waiting here.
  There is no telling why he did so.(there is no knowing/there is no persuading=it is impossible to persuade …)
2)to do 不定式
It is +adj(n)+(for sb)/(of sb) + to do sth
Eg. It is very difficult to drive in the mountains.
It is a shame to say like that .
二，作表语时的区别
不定式强调一次具体动作
Ing强调抽象行为
三，作宾语
不定式 agree  decline 拒绝 refuse  offer  promise  choose  decide  determine  attempt  intend  manage  fail  ask  hope  want  tend  expect  desire  wish  seek  plan  prepare  pretend  learn  mean  dare  arrange  demand  happen  intend 
Ing 词 admit  stand  appreciate  avoid  finish  complete  consider  delay  deny  sugge
st  enjoy  escape  forgive  keep  mind  miss  practise  risk  advise  allow  permit  forbid  或者介词短语的宾语 go on  insist on , persist in , keep on , take to 喜欢 ， dream of , get down to , 等等
四，作定语
不定式 后置 与修饰词之间有动宾关系  必要时要添加介词
He is a pleasant fellow to work with .
常表示未来发生的动作
The man to come our assitance is Mike.
在the first, the second , the best, the only thing 等后常加不定式作定语
He is always the first to answer questions.
Ing词
1）多为合成词 表中心词的性质
Parking lot , sleeping bag, drinking water, cooking oil, driving licence 等
2）单个分词前置，短语后置，相当于一个定语从句
He is a businessman growing rich in recent years.
3)其中现在分词常表示动作正在进行或即将进行 过去分词常表示动作已经完成
Is this the book written by Mike?
五，作状语
不定式
1) 目的状语 =in order to
2) 结果状语 表意外only to do sth  too…to, so…as to . enough…to
3) 原因状语 一般放在句尾 表示引起某种情绪的原（happy,lucky,fortunate, ashamed , surprised, shocked, sorry , glad, delighted, disappointed, anxious, unwise, foolish, rude, considerate, annoyed, bored, puzzled 等等）
4）条件状语 谓语动词中常有will, must , shall 等
5）独立结构 to tell the truth, to be ture, to be plain, to cut the matter short, to make matters worse, to be brief, to be exact, to conclude, to be honest, to start with, to sum up 等等
Ing 词
1）作时间状语 相当于when引起的从句
resolve to do sth
Hearing the news, they set off for Shanghai.
2) 原因状语从句 相当于because引导的从句
Overcome with surprise, she was unable to stand.
3) 方式或者伴随状语 相当于一个并列句
He walked down the hill, singing to himself.
4) 条件状语从句 相当于一个由if引导的从句 如果…
Given another chance, I will do it better.
5) 结果状语从句 相当于 so that 引导的从句 常由逗号 自然的结果
He turned off the light, seeing nothing.
6)让步状语 相当于though，although等引导的从句
Admitting what I said, I still thought she hadn’t tried her best.
7）ing词的独立结构有 xly speaking , judging from , taking everything into consideration, considering 等
8) 这些ing词作状语时，前面有时可以由连接词 when, while, unless, as if 等等
六 补语
不定式
1）常有固定用法 ask  request  tell  invite  force  press  get  beg  wish  prefer  want  intend  expect  encourage  advise  persuade  allow  forbid  permit  order  urge  warn  remind 等等
2）在两听三使等动词中要省略to，被动现to

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