Unit 1
A Kind of Sermon
It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood. Students are naturally surprised and disappointed to discover that a process which ought to become simpler does not appear to do so.
    It may not seem much consolation to point out that the teacher, too, becomes frustrated when his efforts appear to produce less obvious results. He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks. He sees them struggling because the language they thought they knew now appears to consist of a bewildering variety of idioms, clichéd and accepted phrases with different meanings in different contexts. It is hard to convince them that they are still making progress towards fluency and that their English is cer
tain to improve, given time and dedication.
    In such circumstances it is hardly surprising that some give up in disgust, while others still wait hopefully for the teacher to give them the same confident guidance he was able to offer them at first. The teacher, for his part, frequently reduced to trying to explain the inexplicable, may take refuge in quoting proverbs to his colleagues such as: "You can lead a horse to water but you can't what you say. It's the way that you say it." His students might feel inclined to counter these with: "The more I learn, the less I know."
    Of course this is not true. What both students and teachers are experiencing is the recognition that the more complex structures one encounters in a language are not as vital to making oneself understood and so have a less immediate field of application. For the same reason, from the teacher's point of view, selecting what should be taught becomes a more difficult task. It is much easier to get food of any kind than to choose the dish you would most like to eat on a given day from a vast menu.
    Defining the problem is easier than providing the solution. One can suggest that student
s should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country, which amounts to washing one's hands of them. Few students have the time or the money to do that. It is often said that wide reading is the time or the money to do that. It is often said that wide reading is the best alternative course of action but even here it is necessary to make some kind of selection. It is no use telling students to go to the library and pick up the first book they come across. My own advice to them would be: "read what you can understand without having to look up words in a dictionary (but not what you can understand at a glance); read what interests you; read what you have time for (magazines and newspapers rather than novels unless you can read the whole novel in a week or so); read the English written today, not 200 years ago; read as much as you can and try to remember the way it was written rather than individual words that puzzled you." And instead of "read", I could just as well say "listen to."
    My advice to teachers would be similar in a way. I would say "It's no good thinking that anything will do, or that all language is useful. It's no good relying on students to express themselves without the right tools for expression. It's still your duty to choose the best path
to follow near the top of the mountain just as it was to propose a practicable short-cut away from the beaten track in the foothills. And if the path you choose is too overgrown to make further progress, the whole party will have to go back and you will have to choose another route. You are still the paid guide and expert and there is a way to the top somewhere."
一番说教
也许老师比学生更容易理解，为什么学生在掌握了英语基本结构和句型后英语学习反而变得越来越困难了。学生们自然感到惊奇并失望地发现本来应该变得越来越容易的学习过程却完全不是那么回事。
    学生们并不感到多少安慰，在知道老师在其努力所产生的效果似乎不及一开始明显也会灰心丧气。他发现那些学生很容易去教，为他们能把所学的知识很快的用于实践。可现在，他们却面对前阶段中从未学过的大量生词，惯用法显得踌躇不前。他看到学生们在艰难地努力着，因为他们以前认为已经认识的语言现在似乎充满了令人头昏眼花的成语，陈旧用语以及在不同上下文中有不同含义的惯用词组。 要想让他们相信他们仍朝着精通的方向发展，他们英语就一定提高是很困难的。并且，只要肯花时间和持之以恒。
    有些学生在此情况下厌恶地放弃了学习，这并不出人意外；同时，另一些学生仍然充满希望地盼着老师象开始时那样给他们以满怀信心的指导。从教师这方面看，由于往往不得不去讲解一些无法说清楚的东西，他常常会对同事们引用一些谚语权充台阶，比如：你能牵马河边走，马不饮水你自愁， 或说得比较尊重对方但语法并不严谨：倒不在乎说什么，关键瞧您怎么说。他的学生则会反唇相讥道：我越学越糊涂。
事实当然并非如此。师生们正体验着一种共识，即学习中遇到的较复杂的语言结构在表达思想中并非至关重要，因此也就少有可能立刻派上用场。出于同样的理由，在老师看来，恰当地选择教材变得更困难了。任选一种食品比从品种繁多的菜单上单挑一道在某个特定日子里你想吃的菜要容易多了。
    界定问题易于出答案。你可建议学生去讲英语的国家住两三年，这等于撒手不管他们。没有几个学生陪得起时间花得起钱。常言道：广泛阅读是最佳替代办法，但读书也应有所选择。让学生走进图书馆随便拿起他们遇到的第一本书就读，这是无用的。我会这样劝他们；读无需查字典就懂的书（但并非过眼即懂的书），读你感兴趣的书； 读时间允许的书（杂志和报纸，而不是长篇小说，除非你能在一周左右读完它）；读现在写的文章，而不是二百年
前的文章；读得尽量多一些，并尽量记住写作方法，而不要拘泥于令你困惑的个别单词。并且，代之以读文章，你应该听文章。less is more 翻译
    从某种意义上说，我对教师的劝告也是相同的。我会说：最好不要认为学什么都可以，或任何语言都有用。让学生没有掌握表达方法就去表达自己的思想是无益的。正象在山脚下你弃老路而择近道一样，在距山顶不远处你也仍应尽心尽责为他们指一条攀顶之最佳路线。如果你选的路线荆棘丛生，难以举步，全队则需返回，你应另择佳途。你仍是雇用向导和登山专家，总能到一条登顶之路。

版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。