高考英语阅读理解常见设题特点和解题方法
在谈及高考英语时, 人们常说“得阅读者得天下。”这句话虽然有些夸张, 但从某种程度上也可以看出阅读理解在英语考试中的份量。毫无疑问, 阅读理解是高考英语测试的重点, 那么无论是在高三备考, 亦或是高中英语学习的过程中, 我们该如何攻克阅读理解, 取得高分呢？
首先，要认识到阅读理解题是对考生信息获取和理解能力的考查，这不仅包括考查考生对语言和信息进行表层理解的能力, 更重要的是考查学生对文本进行深层理解能力。在以往的考试说明中, 高考对阅读理解能力的考查主要归纳为以下6项具体的能力。
1. 理解主旨要义;
2. 理解文中具体信息;
3. 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;
4. 做出判断和推理;
5. 理解文章的基本结构;
6. 理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
为此，考生应不断地强化这六个方面的能力。为了便于理解，这里将能力转换成常见的题型表达, 即为细节理解题、词义推理题、推理判断题和主旨大意题。在备考复习中, 了解这些题目的特点和解题方法是考生提高阅读理解能力所必须具备的。下面结合近几年，尤其是2021年的高考题来讲解命题与解题的关键。
（一）主旨大意题
主旨大意题考查学生理解文章主旨要义的能力或理解段落大意的能力, 这要求考生有较强的归纳和概括能力。
设题形式
Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
What is the best title for the text?
What can be a suitable title for the text?
What is the main idea of the text?
What is the text mainly about?
What is the second paragraph mainly about？
解题方法1：全文主旨题
根据教育部考试中心《高考试题分析》, “每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落, 甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义, 从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么（即文章的主题）, 亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时, 作者没有明示文章的主旨要义, 需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括”。因此, 考生可以根据这一特点，抓住文章首段和语篇结构来解题。
特别值得一提的是, 不同的语篇结构, 主旨呈现方式不同, 阅读策略也会相应发生变化。在高考英语中常见的语篇类型有应用文类文本、故事类文本、科普研究类文本、新闻报道类文本和议论类文本, 因此考生应掌握不同文本语篇的结构特点, 从而快速有效地理解文本, 把握文章主旨, 解决问题。
典型例题1：新闻报道类文本
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.（2017年高考全国II卷C篇）
...
1. What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto Show        B. The Transition’s First Flight
C. Pilots’ Dream Coming True        D. Flying Car Closer to Reality
less is more英文理解
解析：本文是典型的新闻报道类文本, 这类文本由于时效性和写作特点, 主旨往往就在首段的导语, 之后, 文章再展开介绍详细新闻内容。因此, 在本题中, 根据文章的第一句话中“new bringing the company closer to ”, 可以知道能够飞行的车离走向市场又进了一步, 因此答案D正确。
典型例题2：科普研究类文本
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundw
ater. “We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,” explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to
street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. （2020高考全国I卷D篇）
2. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
解析：这道主旨大意题相对较难，但考生若能从篇章结构入手, 就不难理解文本的主旨。首先, 第一段第二句话中的“recent studies”就透露了本文篇章的特点。 本文是一个研究报道类文本, 这一类文本的特点是研究结果即为文章主旨。因此, 在阅读文本的时候考生要紧紧抓住这一特点。本文在第一段提出已有研究发现了植物所带来的积极效应, 接着第二段第一句提到MIT的工程师们进一步开展研究, 第三段进一步聚焦, 提到最近的研究是用蔬菜来实验植物
发光, 并期待有一天能用植物的光给房间提供照明或将树变成自身可以发光的路灯。后面几段接着提到了对植物发光的研发和意义。可见, 本文重点谈及的是对植物发光应用生活的研究, 研究结果是用植物发光来代替已有的照明方式, 因此主旨大意题选择答案C。
典型例题3：议论类文本
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.

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