第8讲体裁微解——议论文
(2021·天津3月，D)
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole，well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts.This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research.The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.There is a great deal of pressure to master one’s field.You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work.Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty.But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom.These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends，or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people.Mastering one thing to the exclusion(排除) of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections.They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective(视角) into specific fields of expertise(专长)．The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected.Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas.Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are.My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books.She has decided to study Chinese history.Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.“I don’t know where it will lead, but I’m excited I’m on this pursuit.”
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives.We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe.Develop broad, general knowledge and experience.The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
语篇解读本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
51．To become a specialist, one may have to .
A．narrow his range of knowledge
B．avoid responsibilities at work
C．know more about the society
D．broaden his perspective on life
52．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to .
A．treasure their freedom
B．travel around the world
C．spend most time working
D．enjoy meeting funny people
53．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who .
A．is fully aware of his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．should love poetry and philosophy
D．brings knowledge of other fields to work
less is more英文理解54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person’s success.
B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
55．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist or Generalist：Hard to Decide
C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D．Ways to Become a Generalist
A
Imagine reading a story titled “Pursuing Success”．That would be an inspiring story，wouldn’t it? Maybe—but maybe not.It might well be the story of someone whose never-ending chase for more and more success leaves them unsatisfied and incapable of happiness.
Though it isn’t a conventional medical addiction，for many people success has addictive properties.Obviously，success goes with praise.To a certain extent，praise stimulates the neurotransmitter dopamine(神经递质多巴胺)，which contributes to all addictive behaviors.
The desire for success may be born to human nature，but specialness doesn’t come cheap.Success is tough work，and it requires bearing the cost of losing.In the 1980s，the physician Robert Goldman famously found that more than half of ambitious athletes would be willing to take a drug that would kill them in five years in exchange for winning every competition they entered.
Unfortunately，success is endless.The goal can’t be satisfied; most people never feel “successful” enough.The high only lasts a day or two，and then it’s on to the next goal.Psychologists call this the hedonic treadmill(快乐跑步机现象)，in which satisfaction wears off almost immediately and we must run on to the next reward to avoid the feeling of falling behind.
People should get off the treadmill.But quitting isn’t easy for addicts.For people hooked on substances，withdrawal can be a painful experience，both physically and psychologically.Research finds that depression and anxiety are common among outstanding athletes after their careers end.Olympic athletes，in particular，suffer from the “post-Olympic blues”．Just like wine，success in and of itself is not a bad thing.Both can bring fun and sweetness to life.But both become bossy when they are a substitute for—instead of a complement(补充物) to—the relationships and love that should be at the center of our lives.
1．What does praise function as when going with success?
A．It has nothing to do with success addiction.
B．It may indirectly cause success addiction.
C．It always brings positive results of success.
D．It results in all addictive behaviors except success.
2．Why did the author mention the research findings of Robert Goldman?
A．To show success is a tough and cruel job.
B．To stress the key to success lies in efforts.
C．To argue that athletes deserve more rewards.
D．To describe the routine training of an ordinary athlete.
3．What can success bring to a success addict according to psychologists?
A．Satisfaction and a sense of pride.
B．Anxiety and short-lived happiness.
C．Relaxation and endless motivation.
D．Confidence and permanent happiness.
4．What does the author suggest people do about pursuing success?
A．Stop chasing success.
B．Chase success at any cost.
C．Reflect on what matters in life.
D．Give up love and relationships.
B
(2021·湖北黄冈质检)
I might be letting my young son watch too much television.I am certainly watching too many of his programs.They can really be perplexing as they force you to think carefully about the mysteries of life.
For example，when Franklin(the turtle) wanted a pet，his parents didn’t want it to be a frog.They felt that frogs belong in a pond.Isn’t that where turtles belong?
And why is it that Little Bear’s animal friends can all talk and behave like people，but his friend Emily has a dog that can only bark and fetch？Tell me that isn’t a mystery!
Dog lovers can be cheered up by Kipper and his friends.These dogs are very human.However，the only time they wear clothes is when they put on bathing suits to go swimming.I’m confused!
Speaking of dogs，could Pluto ever be Goofy’s pet? I don’t get it! What did the great Mr Disney have in mind?
And this is awful! The other day we watched a very nice little pig setting up a picnic.One of the foods was a big ham.Could it have been a soy(大豆) ham? Is there such a thing? I hope so!
Another thing that bothers me：What if Elmo isn’t real? He can’t be a mere puppet(木偶)! He’s got a better
altitude than most people.I just keep wondering.
I think we’ll turn off the TV and go out for a walk.Maybe we’ll run into that mouse who dresses well but certainly doesn’t speak as clearly as the average bear.
5．What does the underlined word “perplexing” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Boring. B．Humorous.
C．Confusing. D．Curious.
6．Why does the author think it unpleasant for a pig to eat ham?
A．Pigs don’t eat meat.
B．Pigs are dirty animals.
C．Ham is too expensive.
D．Ham is made from pigs.
7．How does the author feel about Elmo stories?
A．Embarrassed. B．Concerned.
C．Astonished. D．Disappointed.
8．The author suggests that TV mouse .
A．should speak more clearly
B．should not wear good clothes
C．should not dress better than bears
D．should speak louder again next time
强化练(十四)议论文
A
(2021·河北衡水中学期末)
Last week，Education Secretary Arne Duncan declared a war on paper textbooks.“Over the next few years，” he said in a speech at the National Press Club，“textbooks should be abandoned.”In their place would come a variety of digital-learning technologies，like e-readers and multi-media websites.
Such technologies certainly have their place.But Secretary Duncan is threatening to light a fire to a tried-and-true technology that has been the foundation for one of the great educational systems on the planet.And while e-readers and multi-media may seem appealing，the idea of replacing an effective learning platform with a widely hyped(炒作) but still unproven one is extremely dangerous.
An expert on reading，Maryanne Wolf，has recently begun studying the effects of digital reading on learning，and so far the results are mixed.She worries that Internet reading，in particular，could be such a source of distractions for the students that they may cancel out most other potential benefits of a web-linked，e-learning environment，and while it’s true that the high-tech industry has sponsored considerable amounts of research on the potential benefits of web-based learning，not
enough time has passed for longitudinal(纵向的) studies to demonstrate the full effects.
In addition，digital-reading advocates claim that lightweight e-books benefit students’backs and save schools money.But the rolling backpack seems to have solved the weight problem，and the astonishin
g costs to equip every student with an e-reader，provide technical support and pay for regular software updates promise to make the e-textbook a very pricey choice.
As both a teacher who uses paper textbooks and a student of urban history，I can’t help but wonder what parallels exist between my own field and this sudden，wholesale abandonment of the technology of paper.
1．What does the underlined part “a tried-and-true technology” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Foundation. B．Paper textbook.
C．E-books. D．Platform.
2．What is the drawback of textbooks according to the passage?
A．Its price. B．Its efficiency.
C．Its content. D．Its weight.
3．What worries Maryanne Wolf is that .
A．e-readers and multi-media websites are learning methods that are proved effective
B．the results of digital reading effects are understandable
C．digital reading can’t provide potential benefits for users
D．students may not focus on learning by digital reading
4．What is the author’s attitude towards digital-learning?
A．Objective. B．Supportive.
C．Positive. D．Disapproving.
B
(2021·山东青岛黄岛区期末)
A lunch break—it’s an important and often necessary part of our working or school day.And now we’re spoilt(惯坏的) with a lot of places to buy our lunch from，all offering attractive dishes and sandwiches to eat on the go.
But our appetite for buying our lunchtime fare is not just costing us money，there might be a cost in terms of damaging our planet too.Just grabbing a sandwich，crisps and maybe a cake and coffee can produce at least four items of waste.Paper boxes，cups，wrappers and plastic knives and forks are all part of our disposable(一次性的) feast in addition to the food waste we create.Some experts say throwing away food，which produces methane(甲烷) as it rots，is a bigger cause of climate change than plastics.
But regardless of what causes the most damage，the solution，according to an environmental campaign group called Hubbub，is to eat packed lunches.Tessa Tricks from the group says，“People are saying that they are buying food to take out because life has got busier.” And she says people think they are being more efficient; but she argues that it’s usually healthier and cheaper to make your own lunch.It means you can eat the things you really want and make the quantity that

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