大学英语四级阅读理解训练（一）
Classified advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain secti ons of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as “Help Wanted”,“Real Estate”,“Lost and Found” are made, the rate charged being less than for display advertising. Classified adverti sements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser.  The reader who is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all
advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertisers may, on this account, use a very small advertisement  if it were placed among larger ad vertisements in the paper. It is evident that the reader approaches the class ified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he app roaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classif ied advertisements to search for the particular
advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the a dvertiser does not need to rely too much extent on display type to get the reader’s attention. Formerly all classified advertisements were of the sam e size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of s uch advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is co mpeting with others in the same gr
oup for the reader’s attention. In many cases, the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way, the classified advertiseme
nt has in reality advertisement. This is particularly true of real estate adve rtising?
1. All of the following facts are advantages of classified advertisement for  advertisers EXCEPT that ____.
A) classified advertisement charges less money
B) it is easier to attract the attention of the target consumers C) it provides  more information for the readers D) it does not have to rely too much on display type
2. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement is ____
A) houses for sale
B) people who are asking for help C) people who are lost D) job vacancie s
3. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified adver tisement, according to the writer?
less is more英文理解A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything. B) They are looking fo r something they need.
C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements. D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.
4．According to the passage, in which way have the classified advertise ments changed nowadays?
A) They depend more on display type. B) More money is charged for the m. C) They are divided into more groups. D) They are less formal.
5．Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance? A) Becau se people no longer want headlines and pictures. B) Because real estate a dvertising is particularly truthful now.
C) Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they  have to be small now.
D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition am ong advertisers.
答案与解析： 1. C
分类广告的优越性不包括为读者提供更多的信息。事实辨析题。从文中可看出，分类广告的优越性在于
收费低、无需很多的展现形式，以及更易吸引对某类广告感兴趣的读者的注意力，因此A，B，D都正确。文中唯独没有提到C。 2. A
房地产业就是分类广告的其中一块。细节题。本题考察对“Real Estate”的理解，它的意思是“房地产”，故选项A 正确。 3. B
当读者看分类广告时，他们会搜索自己需要的信息。事实辨析题。从文中可知，读者在看分类广告时和看展示广告的注意力的模式是不一样的，他们会去浏览自己感兴趣的类别，查所需信息。故选项B 正确。
4. A
根据文章，分类广告更多地依赖展现形式。推断题。文章最后指出，由于竞争的加剧，分类广告商们不得不用大标题和图片来吸引读者的注意力。故选项A正确。 5. D
因为现在更多广告的投入和广告商之间的竞争日益加剧，所以分类广告不断变化形式。事实辨析题。文中指出，分类广告的变化是由于“With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is competing with others in the same gro up for the reader’s attention”，故选项D正确。
大学英语四级阅读理解训练（二）
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm p raise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study  the relation between actions and, argue that rewards can improve perfor mance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various asp ects of mental life, maintain those rewards often destroy creativity byenco uraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.  The latter view ha s gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful us e of small monetary rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting t hat properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according t o a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology.
“If they know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively  challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it's easy to kill creativity b y giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation f or rewards.”
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out hi
gh grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Ese nberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards a
nd restore falling grade s.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points towar d valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Dela ware psychologist claims. 1. Psychologists are divided with regard to thei r attitudes toward ____. A) the choice between spiritual encouragement a nd monetary rewards
B) the appropriate amount of external rewards C) the study of relationshi p between actions and
D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance
2. What is the view held by many educators concerning external rewards for students? A) They approve of external rewards. B) They don't think ex ternal rewards. C) They have doubts about external rewards.
D) They believe external rewards can motivate small children, but not col lege students. 3. According to the result of the study mentioned in the pas sage, what should educators do to stimulate motivation and creativity? A) Give rewards for performances which deserve them. B) Always promise r ewards.
C) Assign tasks which are not very challenging.

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