2021届中考英语总复习易错清单 专题17  选择型阅读
一、 考点分析
1. 细节理解题
这种题目比较简单,只要阅读全文,了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节就可以解答出来,有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接到答案。此类题目的出题形式很多,例如:
(1)Which of the following statements is true?
(2)Which of the following is (not) mentioned?
(3)How many/How much/Where/?
要快速辨认和记忆事实或细节,就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法。查阅是考生在对材料有所了解的情况下进行的,它的特点是带着问题去寻答案。
2. 猜测词意题
在阅读中,我们经常会遇到一些生词,需要根据上下文猜测它们的意思。此类问题考查学生紧扣原文,根据上下文语境判断单词、词语或短句意义的能力。常见的题型有:直接对生词进行解释;对多义词或短语在文章具体语言环境中的意义做出准确判断;对英语中的一些格言或谚语进行解释;对文中一些代词的指代对象做出界定等。这种题型常见的设题方式如下:
(1)The underlined word (phrase) in the passage means     . 
(2)The word “it/them” in the first paragraph refers to     less is more英文理解. 
(3)The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means     . 
(4)What does the underlined word“...”refer to     . 
在做此类题时,考生应紧扣原文,根据上下文语境进行判断,切不要望文生义或断章取义,也不能只选择自己熟悉的意思。
3. 推理判断题
推理判断题属于深层阅读理解题。它要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实,在通篇理解文章
的基础上,严格按照作者提供的信息推断出作者的言外之意。这种题型常见的设题方式有:
(1)From the text, it can be inferred that     . 
(2)The passage suggests that     . 
(3)Which of the following best describes     . 
(4)The writer's is     . 
(5)From the text, we learn that     . 
这种题目有一定难度,解答时必须根据上下文及相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等文外之意加以推理。
4. 主旨归纳题
这种题型要求学生在理解全文的基础上,对文章进行归纳、概括或评价。解这种题目时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,如涉及文章的标题 (title)、主题 (main idea)、结论 (conclusi
on)、结局 (end)等有关问题,都需要在细读全文的基础上,结合所学语言知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断,从而获取文章中的内在信息。常见的设题方式有:
(1)The general idea of the passage is about     . 
(2)The main idea of the article is     . 
(3)The main purpose of this selection is     . 
(4)The passage suggests that     . 
(5)Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?
二、解题步骤
做阅读理解时,可遵循三部曲的原则,即:快速阅读短文;认真逐题作答;复查校对答案。
第一步,快速阅读短文。
先读题,明确题目要求,弄清考点,然后带着问题去读文章,这种方法在英语中称为scanning,就是
寻读。快速阅读一遍弄清段落大意,对全文有一个整体了解,掌握中心意思,注意哪些用以说明中心意思的主要事实和细节,抓住关键词,弄清作者写此篇文章的目的及意图。如遇到生词,应先跳过,继续通读全文,切忌长时间死扣生词,因为有些生词并不影响对全文的理解,还有一些词可以通过上下文推测含义。
第二步,认真逐题作答。
看完短文后,对整篇短文的内容有了大致的了解,然后马上看后面的问题,带着问题去答案。如果属于客观信息题,就可直接在短文中到出处。如果是主观判断题,则应迅速再读全文,仔细分析思考,将近似的答案对照原文反复比较,推敲,选出最佳答案。
第三步,仔细校对所选答案。
做完所有题目后,再读一遍短文,逐一检查所有答案是否有误。如果有拿不定主意的答案,不要随意更改。一定要从原文中到依据。
提分策略
1. 如果文长题少,则以略读的方式先读一遍,而后带着问题去查阅,求得要的答案。
2. 如果文短题多,则应先仔细阅读该短文,再去做题。遇到某个题答不来时,可带着该问题去查阅有关细节。
3. 如果问的是一段文章的中心思想,则应重点读段首句和段尾句,看是否有主题句。有时主题句可能位于段中,也有的段落无明显的主题句,那就要自己分析、归纳中心思想。
4. 如果问题要求解答数字、人名、地名、时间等,则可直接用查阅的方法来寻求答案,也可先略读而后查阅。
5. 如果文章中提到的事实多、涉及面广,可采取抓关键词的办法,记住文章中所谈及的各个方面,从而判断选取答问题。
6. 有时遇到看不懂的难句,读了几遍仍然不懂,可做记号,暂时放下,留待以后有时间再来考虑。
总而言之,掌握一定的阅读技巧和方法固然重要,但要想在阅读理解这一重要知识板块取得高分,还必须经过坚持不懈的努力。阅读理解需要扎实的语言基础以及熟练的语言能力,而扎实的语言基础来自平时严格的基本功训练,熟练的语言能力来自长期的知识积累以及运用。只要平时刻苦努力,打下扎实的英语基础知识,再加上科学的解题方法,阅读理解不失分就不再是一
个遥不可及的梦想了。
【例1】(山东枣庄)
Zhalong is a nature reserve in Heilongjiang in northeast China. It is one of the world's most important wetlands. The area provides food and shelter for wildlife. It is an ideal home for different kinds of plants, fish and birds.
Many birds live comfortably in Zhalong Nature Reserve all year round, while some only stay for a short time. There are many fish in the wetlands, and the birds can easily catch them for food. Zhalong Nature Reserve is an important living area for the rare red-crowned cranes. There are not many red-crowned cranes in the world. Some of them live in Zhalong.
Some people want to change the wetlands to make more space for farms and buildings. This means that there will be less and less space for wildlife.
More and more birds are in danger because they do not have enough living space. Many of
them died. The Chinese government wants to protect these endangered birds, and they can be safe in Zhalong.
Every year a lot of tourists go to Zhalong to watch birds. This year members of our Bird Watching Club are going to study the different kinds of birds in Zhalong and the changes in their numbers. The study begins next month.
We do a bird count once a year. We are now inviting secondary school students to help. We need more people to help us count and do something to help the birds. Many people do not understand the importance of the wetlands. We hope this information will help them understand and make them actively take action to protect wildlife.
1. What is the best title of the passage?
A. Less and Less Space for Wildlife
B. Many Tourists Watch birds in Zhalong Yearly
C. Zhalong is a Famous Scenic Spot
D. Zhalong: A Special Place
2. The shelter in the first paragraph means     .                 
A. a place to live or stay    B. a large zoo
C. a place to hunt animals    D. a large park
3. Which of the following sentences is false?
A. There are a lot of red-crowned cranes in other parts of the world.
B. Some birds go to Zhalong for a short stay.

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