2.6
When will innovations become disruptive to established companies?
An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill.
Where did the idea of disruptive innovation grow?
It grows from the distinction between sustaining technologies and disruptive ones.
What is disruptive innovation?
A term to describe a process by which a product or service takes root initially in simple application at the bottom of a market and then relentlessly moves up market,eventually displacing established competitors.
What's the difference between sustaining and disruptive innovations?
A sustaining innovation targets demanding,high-end customers with better performance than what was p
reviously available.However,disruptive innovations introduce products and services that are not as good as currently available products but simpler,more convenient and less expensive.They appeal to new or less-demanding customers.
At what point will companies shift from disruptive innovations to sustaining innovations? When the disruptive product gains a foothold in a new a low-end markets.
3.6
What is the greatest treasure of Yale University according to the president?
It is the students who are the greatest treasure of all.
What is the educational challenge before Yale University?
How they stay true to their best traditions while pioneering new frontiers—this is the challenge before Yale University.
What are the goals outlined by President Peter Salovey in his inauguration speech?
To make a Yale education accessible to more students;to forget even stronger town-gown ties;and to develop a more global and more unified university.
What transformative power does liberal education have?
It teaches critical thinking,instills the joy of learning for learning's own sake,exposes students to cultural and artistic experiences,transforms an individual identity,nurtures aspiration to give back and enriches life.
According to Peter Salovey,what is the greatest treasure of Yale?
Its students.
How will Yale embrace a revolution in teaching and learning?
It will adhere to the principles that have endured since its founding,but at the same time use new technologies and opportunities to advance its mission.
4.6
What does Romenesko think is newsworthy?
The news itself—how it appeared,and where,and with what frequency—had a pattern,a meaning,that,if properly deciphered,was,in itself,newsworthy.
What does the writer think is the greater news value?
The greater news value might not be the reporting of the event,but taking the information about the event and describing and charting its history,the way it changed,mutated—like the old game of telephone—as it takes on new meaning from where it appeared and by
who added what to it.
What was the aim of Newsweek in publishing news stories revealing hard truth?
Its aim,each time,was to engage the reader in ways that were intense and provocative.
The distinguishing feature of the board of Fairfax partly caused the crisis of the company. What kind of feature did the board have?
Lack of industry knowledge or expertise:
The board has never understood the scale of the challenge posed by the internet;
It never saw the size of the looming crisis and never made plans for a worst-case scenario. Why does the writer think a local newspaper is trustworthy?
Staffed by editors,reporters,printing personnel and advertising reps,these people make up the trusted institutions that have delivered the news to us for more than a century.Their livelihood is reporting and producing the news and they hold themselves accountable for the news they produce.
What does the author mean by saying"The news is technologically obsolete"?
As information envelops us,competing for our attention,fewer and fewer people(especially young people)feel any need to seek it out,which has resulted in a rapidly aging audience for all news media.
According to the author,why is it not possible to actually report news in this new news medium?
First,you should be able to afford to report it;Second,the original news product for this new medium may seem hopelessly prolix,mannered,gassy,inefficient,kludgy,when you get it online.
What is the purpose of the author of A new chapter?
To inform the readers of its big decision and of the achievements it has made even in the toughest tim
e;To reassure the readers that Newsweek is just taking the lead in the shift. What is the decision made by Newsweek?
It will shift from print to digital.
What will remain unchanged despite all the changes?
The commitment to journalism of the very highest quality.
5单元
What does the author think of the Hippocratic oath proposed by Sir Joseph Rotblat?
It is noble but it does present some severe difficulties in relation to science,for scientific knowledge is different from its applications and it is not possible to predict what will be discovered or how these discoveries could be applied.
According to the author,what are the social obligations of scientists?
Their obligation is to both make public any social implications of their work and its technological applications,and to give some assessment of its reliability.
Who is to blame for the building of atomic bombs,politicians or scientists?
The decision to build the bomb was taken by politicians,not scientists,and it was an enormous engineering enterprise.
What does the writer mean by saying"Once one begins to censor the acquisition of reliable scientific knowledge,one is on the most slippery of slippery slopes"?
All techniques can be abused and there is no knowledge or information that is not susceptible to manipulation for evil purposes.I can do terrible damage to someone with my
glasses used as a weapon.Once one begins to censor the acquisition of reliable scientific knowledge,one is on the most slippery of slippery slopes.
Are GM foods regulated by one special government agency in the United States?
In the United States,the regulatory process is confused because there are three different government agencies that have jurisdiction over GM foods.To put it very simply,the EPA evaluates GM plants for environmental safety,the USDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to grow,and the FDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat.
How are the stances different between agri-business industries and consumers in the labeling of GM foods?
Labeling of GM foods and food products is also a contentious issue.On the whole, agribusiness industries believe that labeling should be voluntary and influenced by the demands of the free market.If consumers show preference for labeled foods over non-labeled foods,then industry will have the incentive to regulate itself or risk alienating the customer.Consumer interest groups,on the other hand,are demanding mandatory labeling.People have the right to know what they are eating,argue the interest groups.
6单元
According to the writer,how is Elon Musk similar to Steve Jobs?
Like Steve Jobs he believes in end to end control.Like Steve Jobs he believes in delivering the best possible customer experience.Like Steve Jobs,he is not afraid of fighting strong but complacent incumbents.Like Steve Jobs he believes in making the world a better place by using technology as the key enabler.
How is Tesla related to Apple and IBM as a customer who needs lithium ion batteries? Tesla's plans are setting the company up as a competing customer against the likes of Apple and IBM which need lithium ion batteries for a host of other small electronic devices. Compared with other companies suffering sluggish sales,Tesla faces the opposite problem. What is it?
The problem is executing on making all of those cars.Tesla has been able to grow its production impressively in recent years,but going from production of around50K cars to production of around500K cars in the span of3years is going to be a tough feat indeed. Why did Steve Jobs drop out from college?
He chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford.He was spending all of the money his parents had saved their entire life.So he decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK.
Why was Steve Jobs fired from Apple at the age of30?
As Apple grew the company hired someone who Steve Jobs thought was very talented,and for the first year or so things went well.But then their visions of the future began to diverge and eventually they had a falling out.The Board of Directors sided with that person.So at30 Steve Jobs was out.
According to the author,what is the key challenge to Tesla's growth?
The supply chain,such as lithium and nickel.
Why does the author say"most firms would kill to face the problem Tesla has"?
Because while most companies have too little demand and suffer from sluggish sales,Tesla has exactly the opposite problem.That is to say,Tesla's problem isn't about the sales or the profit,but about executing on making all of those cars.
7单元
What has come to rule over academic life?
The obligation to"publish or perish"has come to rule over academic life.
Why do some leading journals impose high rejection rates?
In order to safeguard their exclusivity.the leading journals impose high rejection rates:in excess of90%of submitted manuscripts.
What often gives you the first stereotypical thought about a person or a situation?
Online information.
What will happen if a legal duty is imposed on doctors to disclose patient information? Imposing a legal duty on doctors to disclose patient information in broader circumstances may cause them to do so for legal reasons rather than medical ones."With a legal duty it can too easily become a knee-jerk reaction;I have to disclose,come what may,because I now fear liability.A fear of liability is not acting in the interests of anybody.…It's not about an ethic of care."
According to the author,what are the three main critiques of big tech?Explain your answers with examples.
It is destroying the young.(social media)
It is causing this addiction on purpose,to make money.(Snapchat,News Feeds) Monopolies use their market power to invade the private lives of their users and impose unfair conditions on content creators and smaller competitors.
According to the author,what is the central truth that tech executives should acknowledge if they want the tech world to move in the right direction?
Technologies are useful for the tasks and pleasures that require shallower forms of consciousness,but they often crowd out and destroy the deeper forms of consciousness people need to thrive.
8单元
less is more大学英语课件What does the writer mean by"soft"success at the end of Para.10?
China's challenge is more complicated-which,of course,doesn't mean that it is insurmountable.The country's successes over the past three decades arise mainly from allowing more and more of its people to apply ideas,ambitions,and energies in ways that benefit themselves and their families,and that build the national economy at the same time. To take the next step in its development,it will have to alter that equation in subtle but significant ways,by granting broader scope to individual ambition than has been possible through the Communist Party's decades in control.
What will affect China's ability to project its soft power?
The still-limited awareness of interests outside China's immediate ambitions will,I think, affect China's ability to project soft power and improve its standing.
What kind of major-country relationship is China proposing?
China is proposing a new type of major-country relationship in which nations can cooperate in virtually all sectors spanning trade,investment,culture and military,and countries can address major global or regional issues through close consultation.
What is the implication of Chinese dream to China observers?
To China observers,the Chinese Dream is awakening people's imagination about the future, and demonstrating humanity's aspiration for a better world,particularly in the period after
the global financial crisis,because the Chinese Dream has created new hope and faith for development.
Why do Chinese people continue to save a high proportion of income?What will be the consequence if this trend continues?
Without confidence that the national dream will produce programs to help defray health care and retirement costs,people will continue to save a high proportion of income.A high savings rate slows spending and the transition to the consumer-driven economy that is fundamental to achieving the Chinese Dream.
How to make Chinese national dream more interesting to its young people?
For young people to be interested in the Chinese Dream they need to see it as relevant to their lives,interests and ambitions.
9单元
What is the experience shared by many first-time visitors to China?
There's an experience common to many first-time visitors to China,who often recount it with surprise,delight,and a sense of discovering something uniquely Chinese.
What is the deeper reason for the extraordinary pride that Chinese people take in their language?
A deeper reason for the extraordinary pride that Chinese people take in their language lies in their view of it as a symbol of the nation's glorious history and blooming civilization. According to Martin Davidson,chief executive of the British Council,what does the Chinese government try to achieve with the expansion of Chinese education abroad?
They want to change the perception of China–to combat negative propaganda with positive propaganda.
Why do Western academics become more concerned as the number of Confucius Institutes has grown?
They believe the project presents a serious threat to freedom of thought and speech in education.
What does the author want to say with the example of a viral Internet video?
The Chinese language has long been a point of pride for its people,a sense that often comes through when they tell foreigners,smilingly,that Chinese is too hard to learn as a second language.
期末考试
一、论述题（40%）
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
1.One should not abandon the possibility of using a scientific idea to do good because one could use the same idea to do bad.
2.All the money in the world won't boost student achievement if parents make no effort to instill in their children the values of hard work and delayed gratification.
3.Knowing what is false is an important to science as knowing what is true.
4.Being successful is not about becoming rich.Being successful is about bringing change for the better.
5.The pen is truly mightier than the sword.We can't let it run out of ink.
Choose one of the above statements and use specific reasons and details to support your

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