Lesson 16    A polite request  彬彬有礼的要求
lesson复数学
习
目
标
全
解
必记单词
park  vt. 停放（车辆，飞机等）
traffic  n. 1. 交通 2. 交通（客运）量
ticket  n. 交通违规单
note  n. 便条
area  n. 1. 地段，地区，区域 2. 面积 3. 领域，范围
sign  n. 指示牌，记号，标记
reminder  n. 提示，暗示
fail  vi. 无视，忘记，失败
obey  v. 1. 服从，听从 2. 听由，听从，摆布
常考短语
traffic policeman 交通警察
let (someone) go 放开，让某人走
no parking 禁止停车
pay attention to 注意……
street signs 交通标志
fail to do sth. 未能做某事
经典句型
1. If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman      will soon find it..
2. You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket.
3. You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention to our street signs.
4. Sir, we welcome you to our city, this is a “No Parking” area.
5. If you receive a request like this, you can not fail to obey it.
重点语法
一．主谓一致
主谓一致即指主语和谓语在人称和数上需保持一致的关系。即主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。
一般情况下，主谓一致要做到：
(1).语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
(2).意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
(3).就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语 
 
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos. 
There are some apples on the table.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。   
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
There are three pieces of bread in the fridge.
 
1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数   
Reading and writing are very important. 
读写是非常重要的。 
注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
钢铁产业对我们的生活是非常重要的。
The writer and translator is delivering a speech on our college tonight. （writer 和 translator 是指同一个人）
一个作家兼译者今晚将在我们的大学发表一次演讲。
典型例题   
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.   
A. is B. was C. are D. were  
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
注意：两个表示不同物质的名词，虽由and 连接，但习惯上这两样东西常常被同时使用，这是我们将二者看做一个整体，故谓语动词仍用单数，常见的这样的名词有：
Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast。
面包和黄油是我最喜欢的早餐。
The fork and knife is hard for me to use.
餐叉和餐刀对我来说很难使用。
2 主谓一致中的靠近原则
(1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。   
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.   
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
 
(2）当either… or… 与neither… nor， 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Either you or she is to go.   
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.   
3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致   
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。   
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.   
He as well as I wants to go boating.
4 谓语需用单数   
(1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。   
Each of us has a tape-recorder.   
There is something wrong with my watch.
   
(2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。   
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.   
<<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。
(3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)   
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten yuan is enough.   
5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数   
(1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。   
All is right.        一切顺利。   
All are present.      所有人都到齐了。
 
(2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class,    company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。   
His family isn't very large.      他家不是一个大家庭。   
His family are music lovers.      他的家人都是音乐爱好者。   
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。   
Are there any police around?     
附近有一些警察么？
(3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。   
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。   
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。   
A number of books have lent out.   
The majority of the students like English.   
6 与后接名词或代词保持一致 
（1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.   
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
   
（2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。(与此类似的另外一个结构：more + 复数名词+ than one，谓语动词用复数)但由    more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。   
Many a person has read the novel.
许多人都读过这本书。
More than one topic has been discussed at the meeting.
会议中不止一个题目被讨论。
More topics than one have been discussed at the meeting.
会议中不止一个题目被讨论。
二．条件状语从句
（1）条件状语从句主要由以下连词引导：if, unless = if not, so / as long as (只要), in case, etc.
（2）如果将来的事情很可能会发生，那么if从句要用一般现在时或现在进行时（强调从句动作在进行之中）等，主句则用一般将来时，即：“主将从现”：
If it is fine tomorrow, I will go swimming.
If he is doing his homework now, I will call him later.
（3）如果对主句中的动作要发生的程度不那么确信，或者想表达建议、命令等其他含义，就可以用情态动词来代替will。
If you come late, you must apologize to me.
If you don’t like the soup, you can leave it.
（4）如果想加强命令、建议等，主句还可以用祈使句。
If you don’t like the soup, don’t drink it.
If he can’t come, let me know.
（5）主句还可以用had better + 动词或一般现在时，表示建议。
If you don’t feel well, you’d better go to see a doctor.
If she likes the film, why doesn’t she go with us?
教材全解
1.You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket. 如果他没有给你单就放你走了，算你幸运。
（1）let (sb./ sth.) go = let go of sb. / sth. 放开；释放、使自由等。
  e.g. Don’t let the rope go.
      Let go of her, or I will kill you.
（2）without + n. / doing 在句中常作伴随或条件状语。
  e.g. Fish can not live without water.
      He always goes home without catching any fish.
2.You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention to our street signs. 如果您对我们街上的标牌稍加注意，您在此会过得很愉快的。
近义词组辨析：pay attention to sb. / sth. , notice
(1)pay attention to sb. / sth. : 指用大脑或集中注意力去注意某事，专心于某事。
e.g. Pay attention to what you are doing.
  No one paid attention to my advice.
(2)notice: 指用眼睛有意或无意的看到某人、某事。
e.g. I notice that he left early.
  Did you notice his hand shaking?
近义词组辨析：sign, signal, signature, symbol
(1)sign: 作名词，指记号、符号、告示牌、指示牌等。
        作动词，指签字于文件，其名词形式为signature。
e.g. I am a stranger here, so I must pay much attention to the traffic signs.
    Please sign on the paper. / Please put your signature to the paper.
(2)signal: 着重指声、、光等传递的信号。信息等，也指手势。
e.g. A red light is usually a signal of danger.
(3)signature: 签名。
    e.g. Petitions bearing nearly a half-million signatures were sent to the White House.
(4)symbol: 强调某符号是一种象征或代表物、标志。
e.g. Red is a symbol of danger.
  The cross is a symbol of Christianity.
3.If you receive a request like this, you can not fail to obey it. 如果您收到这样的恳求，你是不会不遵照执行的。
[拓展]：fail 与refuse，forget等相似，是具有否定意义的动词，与否定副词not，never等一起构成双重否定来表示肯定的意义，语气较强烈，通常翻译成：“一定会……”
e.g. He never fails to write to his mother every week.
  You must not refuse me.

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