linux各种误删⽂件恢复⽅法（经典强推）
linux不像windows有个回收站，使⽤rm -rf *基本上⽂件是不回来的。
那么问题来了：
对于linux下误删的⽂件，我们是否真的⽆法通过软件进⾏恢复呢?
答案当然是否定的，对于误删的⽂件，我们还是能通过软件恢复过来的。对于误删⽂件还原可以分为两种情况:
⼀种是删除以后在进程存在删除信息
⼀种是删除以后进程都不到，只有借助于⼯具还原。
接下来以例⼦分别解说下两种不同的误删还原⽅式：
误删除⽂件进程还在的情况:
这种⼀般是有活动的进程存在持续标准输⼊或输出，到时⽂件被删除后，进程PID依旧存在。这也是有些服务器删除⼀些⽂件但是磁盘不释放的原因。
打开⼀个终端对⼀个测试⽂件做cat追加操作：
[root@docking ~]# echo "This is DeleteFile test." >
[root@docking ~]# ls
<
[root@docking ~]# cat >>
Add SomeLine into deletefile for fun.
打开另外⼀个终端查看这个⽂件可以清楚看到内容：
[root@docking ~]# ls
<
[root@docking ~]#
This is DeleteFile test.
Add SomeLine into deletefile for fun.
此时，删除⽂件rm -
[root@docking ~]# rm -
[root@docking ~]# ls
命令查看这个⽬录，⽂件已经不存在了，那么现在我们将其恢复出来。
lsof查看删除的⽂件进程是否还存在。
如没有安装请⾃⾏yum install lsof或者apt-get install lsof
1.类似这种情况，我们可以先lsof查看删除的⽂件是否还在
[root@docking ~]# lsof | grep deletefile
cat      21796          root    1w      REG              253,1        63    138860 / (deleted)
2.恢复cp /proc/pid/fd/1 /指定⽬录/⽂件名
进⼊进程⽬录，⼀般是进⼊/proc/pid/fd/，针对当前情况：
[root@docking ~]# cd /proc/21796/fd
[root@docking fd]# ll
总⽤量 0
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 1⽉  18 22:21 0 -> /dev/pts/0
l-wx------ 1 root root 64 1⽉  18 22:21 1 -> / (deleted)
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 1⽉  18 22:21 2 -> /dev/pts/0
恢复操作：
[root@docking fd]# cp 1 ~/backup
[root@docking fd]# cat ~/backup
This is DeleteFile test.
Add SomeLine into deletefile for fun.
3.恢复完成。
误删除的⽂件进程已经不存在，借助于⼯具还原
准备⼀些⽂件⽬录
准备⼀份挂载的盘
mkdir backuptest
cd backuptest
mkdir deletetest
mkdir deletetest/innerfolder
echo "Delete a folder test." > deletetest/
echo "tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin" > tmppasswd
最后准备的⽬录结构如下：
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs/backuptest$ cd ..
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ tree backuptest/
backuptest/
├── deletetest
│└── innerfolder
│└──
└── tmppasswd
2 directories, 2 files
现在开始删除该⽬录rm -rf backuptest/
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ rm -rf backuptest/
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$  ls  -l
总⽤量 0
这种情况⼀般是没有守护进⾏或者后台进程对其持续输⼊，所以删除就真的删除了。lsof也看不到，故需要采⽤⼯具进⾏恢复。现在开始进⾏误删除⽂件的恢复。
我们采⽤的⼯具是extundelete第三⽅⼯具。恢复步骤以及注意事项如下：
停⽌对当前分区做任何操作，防⽌inode被覆盖。inode被覆盖基本就告别恢复了。
夸张⼀点讲，⽐如停⽌所在分区的服务，卸载⽬录所在的设备，有必要的情况下都可以断⽹。
通过dd命令对当前分区进⾏备份，防⽌第三⽅软件恢复失败导致数据丢失。
适合数据⾮常重要的情况，这⾥是例⼦，所以就没有备份，如备份可以考虑如下⽅式：dd if=/path/filename of=/dev/vdc1
通过umount命令，对当前设备分区卸载。或者fuser 命令umount /dev/vdb1
如果提⽰设备busy，可以⽤fuser命令强制卸载：fuser -m -v -i -k ./
下载第三⽅⼯具extundelete安装，搜索误删除的⽂件进⾏还原
extundelete⼯具安装
extundelete下载地址：extundelete.sourceforge/
wget nchc.dl.sourceforge/project/extundelete/extundelete/0.2.4/extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2
解压该⽂件tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2
若报这种错误
[root@docking ~]# tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2
tar (child): bzip2：⽆法 exec: 没有那个⽂件或⽬录
tar (child): Error is not recoverable: exiting now
tar: Child returned status 2
tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now
则使⽤yum -y install bzip2进⾏解决
[root@docking ~]# tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2
extundelete-0.2.4/
extundelete-0.2.4/acinclude.m4
extundelete-0.2.4/missing
extundelete-0.2.4/autogen.sh
extundelete-0.2.4/aclocal.m4
extundelete-0.2.4/configure
extundelete-0.2.4/LICENSE
extundelete-0.2.4/README ...................................................
cd  extundelete-0.2.4
.
/configure
若这步骤报错
[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure
Configuring extundelete 0.2.4
configure: error: in `/root/extundelete-0.2.4':
configure: error: C++ compiler cannot create executables
See `config.log' for more details
则使⽤yum -y install gcc-c++解决.
若执⾏上⼀步仍然报错，
[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure
Configuring extundelete 0.2.4
configure: error: Can't find ext2fs library
则使⽤yum -y install e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel来解决。
#Ubuntu的解决办法为sudo apt-get install e2fslibs-dev e2fslibs-dev
不出意外的话到这⾥应该configure能够顺利完成.
[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure
Configuring extundelete 0.2.4
Writing generated files to disk
[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]#
最后make然后 make install
[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# make
make -s all-recursive
Making all in src
<: 在函数‘ext2_ino_t find_inode(ext2_filsys, ext2_filsys, ext2_inode*, std::string, int)’中:
<:1272:29: 警告：在 {} 内将‘search_flags’从‘int’转换为较窄的类型‘ext2_ino_t {aka unsigned int}’ [-Wnarrowing]
buf, match_name2, priv, 0};
^
[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# make install
Making install in src
/usr/bin/install -c extundelete '/usr/local/bin'
extundelete安装完成.
扫描误删除的⽂件：
使⽤df -lh查看挂载：
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh
⽂件系统容量已⽤可⽤已⽤% 挂载点
udev            1.9G    0  1.9G    0% /dev
tmpfs          387M  1.8M  385M    1% /run
/dev/sda2        92G  61G  26G  71% /
tmpfs          1.9G  49M  1.9G    3% /dev/shm
tmpfs          5.0M  4.0K  5.0M    1% /run/lock
tmpfs          1.9G    0  1.9G    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda3      104G  56G  44G  57% /home
tmpfs          387M  40K  387M    1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sda4        70G  20G  47G  30% /media/taroballs/d8423f8c-d687-4c03-a7c8-06a7fb57f96d
/
dev/sdb1      6.8G  4.1G  2.8G  60% /media/taroballs/taroballs
/dev/sr0        4.0G  4.0G    0  100% /media/taroballs/2018-01-16-12-36-00-00
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ cd /media/taroballs/taroballs/
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$
可以看到，我们的⽬录/media/taroballs/taroballs
挂载到/dev/sdb1 这个⽂件系统中.
umount我们的挂载盘
⽐如：
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh | grep /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1      6.8G  4.1G  2.8G  60% /media/taroballs/taroballs
umount这个⽬录
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ umount /media/taroballs/taroballs
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh | grep /dev/sdb1
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$
记得删除⼀定要后umount哦，不然⼆次写⼊谁也帮不了你呢。通过inode节点恢复
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ mkdir recovertest
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ cd recovertest/
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$
执⾏恢复extundelete /dev/sdb1 --inode 2
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ sudo extundelete /dev/sdb1 --inode 2
NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.
Group: 0
Contents of inode 2:
.
.省略N⾏
File name                                      | Inode number | Deleted status
.                                                2
..                                                2
deletetest                                        12            Deleted
tmppasswd                                            14            Deleted
通过扫描发现了我们删除的⽂件夹，现在执⾏恢复操作。
（1）恢复单⼀⽂件tmppasswd
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$  extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-file passwd
NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.
Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.
Successfully restored file tmppasswd
恢复⽂件是放到了当前⽬录RECOVERED_FILES。
查看恢复的⽂件：
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ cat tmppasswd
tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin
（2）恢复⽬录deletetest
extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-directory  deletetest
NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.
Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.
Searching for recoverable inodes in directory deletetest ...
5 recoverable inodes found.
Looking through the directory structure for deleted files ...
（3）恢复所有
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-all
NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.
Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.
Searching for recoverable inodes in directory / ...
5 recoverable inodes found.
Looking through the directory structure for deleted files ...
0 recoverable inodes still lost.
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ tree
backuptest/
├── deletetest
│└── innerfolder
│└──
└── tmppasswd
2 directories, 2 files
（4）恢复指定inode
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-inode 14
NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.
Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ cat file.14
tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin
注意恢复inode的时候，恢复出来的⽂件名和之前不⼀样，需要单独进⾏改名。
最后附上extundelete的⽤法:
$ extundelete --help
Usage: extundelete [options] [--] device-file
Options:
--version, -[vV]      Print version and exit successfully.
--help,                Print this help and exit successfully.
--superblock          Print contents of superblock in addition to the rest.
If no action is specified then this option is implied.
--journal              Show content of journal.
--after dtime          Only process entries deleted on or after 'dtime'.
--before dtime        Only process entries deleted before 'dtime'.
Actions:
--inode ino            Show info on inode 'ino'.
--block blk            Show info on block 'blk'.
-
-restore-inode ino[,ino,...]
Restore the file(s) with known inode number 'ino'.
The restored files are created in ./RECOVERED_FILES
with their inode number as extension (ie, file.12345).
--restore-file 'path'  Will restore file 'path'. 'path' is relative to root
of the partition and does not start with a '/'
The restored file is created in the current
directory as 'RECOVERED_FILES/path'.
--restore-files 'path' Will restore files which are listed in the file 'path'.
Each filename should be in the same format as an option
to --restore-file, and there should be one per line.
-
-restore-directory 'path'
Will restore directory 'path'. 'path' is relative to the
root directory of the file system.  The restored
directory is created in the output directory as 'path'.
--restore-all          Attempts to restore everything.
-j journal            Reads an external journal from the named file.
-b blocknumber        Uses the backup superblock at blocknumber when opening                          the file system.
-B blocksize          Uses blocksize as the block size when opening the file
system.  The number should be the number of bytes.
--log 0                Make the program silent.
--log filename        Logs all messages to filename.
--log D1=0,D2=filename  Custom control of log messages with comma-separated    Examples below:      list of options.  Dn must be one of info, warn, or
--log info,error      error.  Omission of the '=name' results in messages
--log warn=0          with the specified level to be logged to the console.
--log error=filename  If the parameter is '=0', logging for the specified
level will be turned off.  If the parameter is
'=filename', messages with that level will be written
to filename.
-o directory          Save the recovered files to the named directory.
delete inThe restored files are created in a directory
named 'RECOVERED_FILES/' by default.

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