53. Oil Refining
石油炼制
1.Primary Refining
1.粗炼
2.Petroleum refining is the process of separating the many compounds<混合物> present<目前的> in crude petroleum.This process is called fractional distillation<分馏> where the crude oil is heated;the various compounds boil at different temperatures and change to gases;and are later recondensed<v再浓缩，再凝结> back into liquids.The primary refining processes are the distillation<n.（蒸馏（过程）;蒸馏物;蒸流;升华> of the feedstock<n给料，进料> into its basic fractions<馏分>,and then the re-distillation of these,in separate towers,into highly concentrated<float up浓缩的，浓度的> intermediates<n媒介，半成品adj中间的>.
2.石油炼制是将原油中的多种混合物进行分离的过程。原油经过加热后，其中的不同组分将在
不同的温度下沸腾并气化，随后又经冷凝浓缩转化为液体，这个过程称为分馏。粗炼工序是将进料蒸馏成为其基本组分，然后再将这些组分在单独的炼塔中再蒸馏成为高浓度的半成品。
3.Distillation is the start of the refining process where the crude oil is split<分开，分裂> into a number of parts or cuts.The separation is made on the basis of boiling-point and groups of hydrocarbons boiling within a certain range are produced. The theory of distillation is very easy.The longer the carbon chain,the higher the temperature at which the compounds will boil.When crude oil boils,it sends out vapor<蒸汽> and condenses<冷凝>.All the different hydrocarbons in crude oil are at different temperatures.And their vapors all make separate liquids (fractions).The split are usually grouped into three categories:light distillates(LPG<液化石油气>,gasoline<汽油>,naphtha<n石脑油>),middle distillates(kerosene<煤油>,diesel<柴油>),heavy distillates and residuum<n剩余，残渣>(heavy fuel oil,lubricating oils<润滑油>,wax<蜡>,asphalt<n沥青>).
3.蒸馏是炼油工艺流程的开始。在这一过程中，原油分割成若干部分或馏分。依据不同的沸
点进行分离，就能生产出一定沸点范围内的各类碳氢化合物。蒸馏的原理很简单，碳链的长度越长则化合物的沸点越高。原油沸腾时，放出蒸汽，然后冷凝。原油中各种烃类的沸点是不同的，不同烃类的蒸汽形成不同液体（馏分）。蒸馏产品主要分成三类：轻馏分油（液化石油气、汽油、石脑油）；中间馏分油（煤油、柴油）；重馏分油和渣油（重燃料油、润滑油、蜡、沥青）。
4.The oil is distilled in a very large steel<钢> tower,the technical name of which is the “fractionating tower.”The tower is thirty to fifty meters tall and its diameter is one to three meters.It is divided into “chambers<n室，房间，议院，会所，（）膛>,”each of which contains a layer of trays<n（分馏）塔盘，盘，碟，盘子>.There are holes in the trays.The vapors go through these holes and condense on the trays.The chambers are at different heights,and the temperature at each height is different.The temperature inside the tower is highest at the bottom,and it is lowest at the top.So each layer of trays is cooler than the layer below it.There are not enough chambers of different temperatures in one tower,so two or three towers are needed.
4.石油的蒸馏是在一个很大的钢塔内进行的。塔的专业名称叫“分馏塔”，高度为30~50米，直径为1~3米。塔分为若干个“室”，每个室都有一层塔盘。塔盘有许多孔，蒸汽通过这些孔，冷凝在塔盘上。各个室的高度不同，各个高度的温度也不同。塔内底部的温度最高，顶部的温度最低。因此，每层塔盘的温度都低于下一层塔盘的温度。一个塔内不同温度的室是有限的，一次蒸馏满足不了需要，所以就要使用两个或三个塔。
5.Beside the first tower there is very large furnace<火炉，熔炉>,the “pre-heater,” where the temperature of the oil is raised to 340 degrees Centigrade<摄氏>.The boiling oil and vapors then flow from the furnace into the fractionating tower.They flow into a chamber near the bottom.Some of the oil with the heaviest hydrocarbons makes no vapor.This oil—the “residue”—drops to the bottom and flows out of the tower again.Later bitumen<沥青> and other heavy materials will be made from the residues.All the other hydrocarbons in the oil make vapors which float up the tower to different chambers.
5.在第一个塔附近有一个很大的炉子，称为预热炉。在预热炉内，原油的温度提高到340℃，然后，沸腾的油和蒸汽流入分馏塔，首先进入底部室内。含有最重烃类的那部分油
不会产生蒸汽。这种油，即“渣油”，沉降到底部，重新从塔内流出。之后，这种渣油可制取沥青和其他重质原料。油中所有的其他各种烃类都产生蒸汽，上升到塔内各个室里。
6.When the vapors rise into the cooler part of the fractionating tower,they lose heat. The vapors rise until they are just below their own boiling temperature.Then they condense on a tray and turn into a liquid again.The liquid on each tray flows into a separate small tower where the liquid breaks down<分解> into smaller fractions.The separation of the hydrocarbons is then more accurate.The distilled then flow through separate pipes<管子> into separate storage tanks<储油罐>.
6.当这些蒸汽升入分馏塔温度较低处时，就会失去热量，直到它们的温度略低于各自的沸点温度时停止上升。这时，它们就在塔盘上冷凝，重新变成液体。每个塔盘上的液体再流入一个单独的小塔内，在此分出更窄的馏分。这样烃类的分离就更精细了。经过蒸馏的各种馏分流入单独的管线，进入单独的贮油罐内。
7.When cuts with boiling-points over 350℃ are required it is necessary to do the distillation under the vacuum<真空> to reduce the temperature at which the material boils,as some hi
gh-boiling compounds start to decompose<分解> when heated to their boiling-point at atmospheric pressure.
7.要取得沸点在350℃以上的馏分时，蒸馏必须在真空条件下进行，以便降低原料的沸腾温度。因为，一些高沸点的成分在大气压力下加热到其的沸点时，就开始分解了。
8.Secondary Refining
8.精炼
9.The secondary processes are designed (1)to remove any impurities<杂质> from the distilled fractions,and (2)to convert<转化> some of the distilled hydrocarbons into different molecular<分子> forms.Conversion processes can produce hydrocarbons which do not exist in reservoir crude.
9.精炼工序要实现下列目的：（1）从已蒸馏的组分中清除杂质；（2）将某些蒸馏得到的烃类转化成不同的分子结构，生产出油藏原油中不曾有的烃类。
10.(1) All crudes contain organic sulphur compounds<有机硫化物>(e.g.,H2S, mercaptans<n硫醇>)which will be carried out over from the column<圆柱，列> into the resulting gases,distillates and residues<n滤渣，残余，渣滓，剩余数>.The higher the density<密度> of a crude,the greater its sulphur<硫> content.Sour<adj酸的，发酵的，酸腐的，酸味的> cuts are corrosive<adj腐蚀的，腐蚀性的n腐蚀物，腐蚀剂> and possess<拥有> an extremely<极端地，很> objectionable<adj引起反对的，讨厌的> odor<气味，名声>.The secondary refining process for the treatment of toxic<adj有毒的，中毒的>,corrosive and evil-smelling<气味极臭的> sulphur-compound impurities is known as “sweetening<脱硫>.”Caustic washing<碱洗，氢氧化钠洗> and hydrodesulphurization<加氯脱硫> are finishing processes designed to remove H2S and mercaptan impurities.

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