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A clause is a group of
related words containing
a subject and a ver
b .
It is different from a phrase in that a phrase does not include a subject and a verb relationship.There are many different kinds of clauses. It would be helpful to review some of the grammar vocabulary we use to talk about clauses.
Words and phrases  in this color are hyperlinks to the Guide to Grammar & Writing .
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Clauses go by many names. Here are some definitions:
1.Independent:A clause that can stand by itself and still make sense. An independent clause could be its own sentence, but is often part of a larger structure, combined with other independent clauses and with dependent clauses. Independent clauses are sometimes called essential or restrictive clauses.
2.Dependent:A clause that cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else, an independent clause, for its meaning. A dependent clause trying to stand by itself would be a sentence fragment . Dependent clauses are sometimes called subordinate, nonessential,or nonrestrictive clauses. We will review the
different kinds of dependent clauses.
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And here are some examples of independent clauses . . . .
1.Independent clauses:
•Glaciers often leave behind holes in the ground.•These holes are called kettles, and they look just like scooped-out pots.•Glaciers also leave behind enormous deposits of glacial “garbage”; these deposits are called morains .•Kettle holes result when a large block of ice is left behind the glacier and then melts away, leaving a large depression.
This last sentence deserves further attention . . . .
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Notice that this sentence consists of a very brief independent clause followed by a long and complex dependent clause.•Kettle holes result when a large block of ice is left behind the glacier and then melts away, leaving a large depression.The dependent clause begins with what is called a subordinating conjunction. This causes the clause to be dependent upon the rest of the sentence for its meaning; it cannot stand by itself.
More on dependent clauses in a moment. . . .
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for Sentences
Independent clauses can be connected in a variety of ways:
1. By a comma and little conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and sometimes so ).
2. By a semicolon , by itself.
3. By a semicolon accompanied by a conjunctive adverb (such as however, moreover, nevertheless, as a result, consequently , etc.).
4. And, of course, independent clauses are often not
connected by punctuation at all but are separated by a period.include of 用法
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Dependent clauses can be identified and classified according to their role in the sentence.
Noun clauses do anything that a noun can do. They can be subjects, objects, and objects of prepositions.
•What Turveydrop has forgotten about American politics could fill entire libraries.
•President Johnson finally revealed what he had in mind for his congressional leaders.•Sheila Thistlethwaite has written a marvelous book about how American politics and economic processes often run
counter to common sense.

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