1. Addition
All empty souls trend to extreme opinion.
内心空虚的人极爱走极端。(语义性增词)
A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.
愚人会很快忘记说过的话,智者会很快放弃手里的钱。(结构性增词)
2. Deletion
Give him an inch and he’ll take an ell.
得寸进尺(省略人称代词)
All I am, or can be, I owe to my angle mother.
我之所以,我之所能,都归功于我慈爱的母亲。(省略连词)
3. Division
Because the young man frequently came to the lady’s house,he was regarded as the mistree’s lover.这个小伙子经常来到太太的家。因此,别人都以为他是这女主人的情人。(拆分状语从句)
Just then the fish gave a sudden lurch that pulled the old man down onto the bow.正在这当儿,那条大鱼突然把船扯得晃荡了一下,//老头给拖得倒向船头那边去了。(拆开定语从句)
4. Combination
It was April 1945.The Second World War was coming to an end.
19454月,第二次世界大战已接近尾声。(缩为状语)
She went back to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill.
他回家去照料病重的丈夫。(缩为定语)
5. Extension
Insteadan assassin’s bullet erased in the minds of Americans any faults he had
 事实正好相反,一个刺客的暗杀行径反而使美国人忘却了他所有的毛病。(抽象化引申。bullet子弹的本意引申为暗杀行径,一是考虑历史事实(即美国林肯总统遇刺身亡,这也是原文上下文提供的依据);二是译文的语义逻辑和表达习惯,因为我们几乎不可能说“……子弹使美国人忘却了他所有的毛病。)
Churchilla bent Pickwick in blue uniformlooked up at him with majestie good humor…
邱吉尔身着蓝装,背有点驼,俨然一个好老头,抬头望着他(罗斯福),显得庄重而又亲切,…… (专有名词普通化引申。Pickwick原本时英国小说家狄更斯(Charles Dickens)笔下的老绅士,在赫尔曼沃克(Herman Wouk)的《战争风云》这部小说里指邱吉尔,对于熟悉这个文学形象的译文读者来说,保留要比舍弃好,但如果对之一无所知,则需舍弃或加注解释,我们选择舍弃原文形象,对之做普通化引申,译成好老头,似乎更简洁明快些)
6. Substitution
Achievements have a dual character, and so have mistakes.
成绩有两重性,错误也有两重性。(分句性代替。用代替词来取代分句或分句的一部分,如用替代词sonot来取代充当宾语的that从句,用as来取代分句的一部分,等等。汉语也有替代的方式,但为了使表达正确,清楚,也常常重复其所代替的词语。)
You should help him since you have promised to do so.
你答应了要帮助他就应当帮助他。(动词性替代。用动词的替代词来取代动词或动词短语。这类替代词主要有:代动词do 复合代动词do so, do it, do that, do this , do the same 以及代替句型so+do+主语,so+主语+doso+be+主语, so+主语+be, so+will+主语等。)
7. Repetition
Keep the general goal in sight while taking hold of the daily tasks.
大处着眼,小处着手。(对照)
Garlic makes a man wink, drink and stink.
大蒜使人眨眼,喝水,口臭。(同音反复)
8. Conversion of Word Classes
Joseph beheld my style of cookery with growing indignation.
我这种烧饭的方式叫约瑟夫越看越冒火了。
把形容词growing译成表递进的程度副词短语............”   
His wife has done everything possible to mother him.
妻子竭尽全力,给他以慈母般的照顾。
名词派生的名词和名词转用的动词转义成名词
9. Conversion of Grammatical components
The visitor was flattered and impressed.
这位客人受宠若惊,深为感动。(原文的被动语态转为主动语态)
She teach us French every morning.
她每天早上教我们法语。
Negative→Positive
Her conduct is above reproach.
她的行为无可指责。(正说反议)
I won’t keep you waiting long.
我一会儿就回来。(反说正议)
10. Impersonal→Personal
Not a sound reached our ears.
我们没有听到任何声音。(英语可用人称主语表达,也常用非人称主语表达。用非人称主语表达时,往往注重什么事发生在什么人身上,而汉语常用人称主语表达,往往注重什么人怎么样了。)
A tree is knownexpressed翻译 by its fruit, and a man is known by his deeds.
看树看果实,看人看作为。英语常用被动式,采用非人称表达法;汉语常用主动式,采用人称,泛称或隐称表达法。)
12.Long→Short
The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。(分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。 上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成: 没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4 这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯。)
People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to
stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。(综合法。英语长句翻译的方法有逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, A则表示结果。)
13.Abstract→Concrete
The basilica is a conglomeration of contrary styles and periods.
这座王宫把不同时期的不同建筑风格融为一体。(用动词取代抽象名词。英语大量的行为抽
象名词表示行为或动作意义,由这类名词构成的短语往往相当于主谓结构或动宾结构。汉语若用相应的名词表达,往往显得不自然,不通顺。在英汉转换中,汉语可充分利用其动词优势,以动代静,以实代虚。)
The sight of his native place called back his childhood.
见到自己的故乡,他想起了童年的憧憬。(用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。范畴词用来表示行为,现象,属性等概念所属的范畴,是汉语常用的特指手段。
14.Hypotactic→Paratactic
It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.
认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达很清楚,让任何人都理解,这是言过其实。这样的作家当然不会想到,问题还是出在自己的脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。(英语造句几乎离不开关系词和连接词,汉语则少用甚至不用这类词。)
The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.

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