语法笔记:现在分词
现在分词概说
一.动词的-ing形式,除了作动名词外,还可以起其他作用,称为现在分词,它在句中可用来:
1) 构成谓语(主要是构成各种进行时态):
e.g.
They are doing some pattern practice. 他们在做句型练习。
She is seeing a friend off. 她在给一个朋友送行。
2) 构成不定式的进行形式:
e.g.
He seems to be worrying about something.
他似乎在为什么事发愁。
Walter happened to be working in the next room.
沃尔特碰巧在隔壁屋里干活。
3) 作表语:
e.g.The situation is quite encouraging.
形势很令人鼓舞。
4)作定语:
e.g.He found her a charming girl.
他发现她是位迷人的姑娘。
5) 构成复合宾语:
e.g.I watched the children flying kites.
我看孩子们放风筝。
6) 作状语:
e.g.We spent all day looking for you.
我们花了一整天你。
作为动词,它也可有自己的宾语(a)或状语(b),以构成现在分词短语:
e.g.
a. He stood there for two hours watching the game.
他在那里站了两个钟头看比赛。
b. I saw her speaking to a neighbour.
我看见她和一位邻居讲话。
间或还可跟表语: Feeling tired, I went to bed. 我感到很累就睡觉了。
二.现在分词可有下面这些形式:
1. 现在分词作表语
1) 现在分词常可用作表语,特别是那些表示情绪的词:
e.g.
The dirty street is disgusting.
那条肮脏的街道令人厌恶。
The report is most alarming.
这份报告很令人惊恐。
He was very amusing.
他很有趣。
This interruption is very annoying.
这样的打断很让人恼火。
To us all this was peculiarly distressing.
对我们来说这一切都特别令人苦恼。
His concern for his mother is most touching.
他对母亲的关爱很感人。
2) 一些表示状态、品质的现在分词也可用作表语:
The photograph is missing.
那张照片不见了。
She is always very obliging.
她总是乐于助人。
The reason he gave was not very convincing.
他给的理由不太有说服力。
The breeze was cool and refreshing.
这阵微风很凉爽提神。
这样用的现在分词很多都已成了形容词。
2. 现在分词作定语
1) 上节提到的这类现在分词几乎都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词:
e.g.
Mary is an appalling cook.
玛丽做饭很糟糕。
Those relations of his are boring people.
他那些亲属是些讨人嫌的人。
The experiment was an amazing success.
那项试验是一个惊人的成功。
2) 还有一些不及物动词的现在分词,不能用作表语,却可用作定语:
e.g.
the ailing economy
不景气的经济
a booming town
日渐繁荣的城市
dwindling profits
日益减少的利润
increasing demand
日益增长的需求
a shining example
光辉的榜样
a falling star
流星
a resounding victory
辉煌的胜利
pouring3) 这类定语和构成合成词的动名词是有区别的。
现在分词往往表示所修饰名词的动作,而动名词表示目的、用途等。
试比较下面内容:用现在分词作定语由动名词构成的合成词
flying sauces (=a sauce that flies) 飞碟
flying suit (a suit one wears when flying)飞行服
sleeping beauty 睡美人
sleeping-pills 片
the waiting crowd 等候的人
the waiting room 候机(车)室
a walking dictionary 活字典
a walking stick 手杖
running water 自来水
running track 跑道
the working personnel 员工
working conditions 工作条件
a living language 活的语言
living standard 生活水平
4) 现在分词还可构成合成形容词作定语:
e.g.
long-lasting effects 长远的影响
long-standing policy 传统政策
an epoch-making event 划时代的事件
earth-shattering news 震撼世界的新闻
5) 现在分词(短语)还可用在名词后作定语,作用接近一个定语从句:
e.g.
a. ①Here is a leaflet giving (=that gives) full particulars of the plan.
这里有一份介绍这计划全部细节的宣传单。
②This village is made up of 490 families belonging (=who belonged) to five nationalities. 村子里有四百九十户人家,分属五个民族。
③China stretches across a vast area covering (=which covers) the cold, temperate and tropical zones.
中国幅员辽阔,包括寒带、温带和热带。
④We are brothers sharing (=who share) weal and woe.
我们是患难与共的兄弟。
b. ①Who is the woman talking (=who is talking) to Jim?
和吉姆交谈的女人是谁?
②There were 220 children studying (=who were studying) in the art school.
有二百二十个孩子在这所艺术学校学习。
在把分词短语改为定语从句时,从句谓语可以是一个一般时态的动词(a),也可以是一个进行时态的动词(b),这从上面的例句中可以看出。
3. 现在分词构成复合结构
1) 现在分词可在某些动词后面构成复合宾语:
e.g.
① I see him passing my house every day.
我看见他天天从我房前走过。
② His letter left me feeling pretty humble.
他的信使我感到自己很卑微。
在listen to和look at后也可跟这种复合宾语:
e.g.
① I listened to the band playing in the park.
我听乐队在公园里演奏。
② Just look at the rain pouring down!
瞧这倾盆大雨!
在某些动词后,复合宾语可由现在分词或不带to的不定式构成,表示动作正在进行时用现在分词,表示动作完成时用不定式。有时两者都可以用。
2) 上述结构很多可变为被动形式,这时句中可说包含了一个复合谓语:
e.g.
① He was found lying on the floor.
有人发现他躺在地上。
② She was often heard humming this song.
人们常听见她哼这首歌。
3) 有些介词后有时也可以跟包含现在分词的复合宾语:
e.g.
① This is a picture of an old woman kneeling in a temple.
这张画画的是一位老太太在庙里跪拜。
② He was like an old tree blossoming again.
他就像古树又开了花。
4) 下面这类“名(代)词+现在分词”结构也可说是一种复合宾语:
e.g.
① I can't imagine Grandma riding a motor-bike.
我想象不出奶奶骑摩托车的样子。
② I can't stop him talking to the press.
我无法阻止他和新闻界谈话。
4. 现在分词作状语
1) 在某些动词(a)或复合谓语(b)后可用现在分词(短语)作状语:
e.g.
a. ①He spent a lot of money modernizing the house.
他花了很多钱,把房子搞得很新潮。
②We wasted a whole afternoon trying to repair the car.
版权声明:本站内容均来自互联网,仅供演示用,请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198,我们将在24小时内删除。
发表评论