论全球话语体系建构
作者:陈汝东
来源:《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)2015年第01
        [摘要] 政治、经济的全球化和数字媒介技术的发展成就了一个全球话语场。既有国际话语秩序中主导者话语权的衰弱和新兴话语主体的崛起,正在演绎一个新的全球话语秩序。中国正力图成为亚洲区域话语秩序的建构者和全球话语新秩序的主导者。文化冲突与融合中的全球话语体系建构已成为全球传播现实和话语学研究的双重命题。霸权与和平的对立,文明与文化的对抗,以及民族与普世、官方与民间、区域与全球等冲突,是全球话语体系建构的重要威胁。话语主体和话语机会的平等性、话语权利的自由性、话语空间的开放性、话语文化的包容性等,是全球话语体系建构的重要条件和保障。全球修辞是全球话语体系建设的重要和平手段。兼爱非攻等中国古典智慧,是建构全球话语体系、解决全球文化冲突、实现文化融合与区域和平发展的重要策略。
        [关键词] 全球传播; 全球话语体系; 文化冲突;discourse 文化融合; 全球修辞; 中国古典智慧
        Abstract The globalization of economy and politics and the development of digital med
ia create a global discourse field. A new global discourse system and order becomes true as the decline of the discourse power of the past dominator and the rise of new speakers in the international discourse system. The Internet has made the world into a whole in space and time. The territorial space of every nation has been replaced by a virtual space. A global communicative system has come into true. Internet discourse has become a new global ecology. Conflicts in the real world have been reflected by the network. They are resolved and extended through the network and achieve the integration of global culture through words ultimately.
        Global discourse system is a comprehensive representation in media of global framework. It is not only a stage for displaying global discourse of politics economy culture science and technology education and others but also a reexpressive discourse system of human civilizations as well as a representation system in media for nations in the whole world. The Global discourse system varies in different levels regions fields as well as history and reality. China is trying his efforts to become a builder of the Asian regional discourse order and a dominator of the new global discourse system.
The world should adapt its attitude actively according to the new discourse position role and action of China. The world should also rethink and recognize all of these aspects of China as well as being used to China's new discourse role and power. Building a global discourse system in international cultural conflicts and amalgamation is becoming a mutual subject of both global communication practice and discourse research. The conflicts between powerful discourse and peaceful discourse national discourse and universal discourse local discourse and external discourse official discourse and folk discourse are great threats to the building of a global discourse system. Equality freedom openness tolerance benevolence of speech is the safeguard and important conditions of building a global discourse system.
        Global rhetoric is the important means and ways for building a global discourse system. The global rhetoric is the globalization of rhetorical practice as well as a global social system and a universal code and approaches to them. Global rhetoric means to defuse international conflicts to deal with all the developmental problems of all the human beings by rhetorical conversation rather than violence and war to unify the global
public wills to realize the common interests as well as to build a Great Unity. Global rhetoric is also a mean and a way for managing human souls and gathering common will of human beings as well being a world order and one form of human civilization.
        The building of an Asian discourse system especially eastern Asian discourse system should be done by Asian nations themselves. It should be built on regional conversation and rhetoric with the aim to form discourse community. Asia should be returned to its classical harmony and civilization. This is a new choice of Asian civilization. The discourse system building of the globe and Asia should all absorb classic wisdom. Chinese classic wisdom such as ″speech rituals″ ″speech humanity″ ″speech loyalty ″″speech truthfulness″ of Confucianism and ″universal love″ ″no attacking″ of Monism are important strategies for building of global discourse system solving global cultural conflicts realizing cultural amalgamation and regional peaceful development.
        Key words global communication global discourse system cultural amalgamation cultural conflict global rhetoric Chinese classical wisdom
        近十年来,话语学研究在中国如火如荼,话语已经成为一个跨越诸多学科的通用词汇。最近几年,国家话语国家话语体系研究更是超越了学术范畴,进入政治、文化领域,上升为一种国家战略。所谓国家话语是国家话语权利实施的具体表现形式,是一种国家传播现象及信息形态,是一种以传播国家信息、塑造国家形象、提升国家软实力、解决国际国内问题为目的的国家传播行为”[1];而国家话语体系是一个国家政治、经济、文化、教育、科技、学术、外交、贸易等实力的媒介表达形态,是一个国家作为话语主体在国内外乃至全球行使国家主权、进行国家传播的行为系统它也是国家意识、国家意志、国家价值观、国家追求、国家梦想在全球舞台上的综合展现形式,是一个国家的文化与文明的载体和重要表达方式系统,是一个国家的文化和文明在话语学层面上的再阐释。陈汝东《提高国家传播能力,建构国家话语体系》,中共中央党校六部委哲学社会科学教学科研骨干研修班(第5556期)征文,获一等奖,修改稿即将发表于《江淮论坛》2015年第2期。
        随着新媒介技术的发展和普及,全球传播体系正在形成,全球话语全球话语体系也正在成为现实发展和理论研究的双重选择。我们此前所提出的全球修辞全球修辞学概念[2]将成为全球话语体系建构的重要途径。目前来看,这两个范畴正在成为新一轮的学术热点。为此,我们力图进一步廓清全球话语体系所提出的国际环境、面临的挑战及其
建构的必要性、可行性,提出全球话语体系建构的途径与策略。
        一、 文化冲突: 国际话语的新走向
        近年来,随着媒介技术的普及和全球化程度的加深,国际冲突特别是文化冲突也更加频繁,这与全球传播的发展不无关系。其中涉华冲突尤为突出。比如,2014818日,澳大利亚议员、矿业大亨帕尔默在接受电视台采访时就出言不逊,恶意指责中国政府欲免费攫取澳大利亚的自然资源和港口,并在节目中爆粗口。节目一播出,澳大利亚各界人士纷纷对其提出批评。澳总理阿博特谴责了帕尔默的言论,称其太出格,指出中国是我们的朋友而不是敌人澳大利亚需要牢固的对华关系”[3]。这样的事例近年来并不鲜见。2014710日,在美国福克斯新闻台的“The Five”节目中,主持人贝克尔就说:中国人是对美国国家安全的唯一最大威胁。你知道我们做了什么吗?像往常一样,我们把他们带到这里,我们教一帮中国佬,呃……中国人,如何用电脑,然后他们回到中国,非法侵入我们的计算机系统。”[4]其辱华言论引发了华人世界的愤怒,加州一名华裔州参议员就发表声明予以谴责,并要求贝克尔辞职。
        上述实例表明,跨文化传播中的国际冲突越来越频繁。这些冲突不仅是涉及中国人的,
也有涉及其他民族乃至世界各国的。比如,日本右翼官员对第二次世界大战中日本军国主义侵略历史和慰安妇问题的否认言论,也招致了世界各国的反对和抗议。近来在乌克兰危机中俄罗斯与美国等发达国家之间的冲突,所反映出来的不仅是领土和利益冲突,其背后依然是文化和文明的对立与冲突。201411月,在北京APEC会议和澳大利亚布里斯班G20峰会上,美国总统对中国人权问题的评论、欧美国家对俄罗斯插手乌克兰问题的警告,以及由美国索尼影业电影《采访》引发的美朝之间的黑客攻击和口舌战[5]等,同样折射出文化的对立和冲突。
        导致上述冲突的原因是多方面的。第一,国际政治格局发生变化,发展中国家的崛起、新的国际联盟和国际经济体的形成等加剧了国际竞争。第二,随着国际产业和金融体系的调整、整合,以及贸易体系的发展、变革,资源竞争日趋激烈,利益冲突更加敏感。第三,政府、民间等各种形式的交流日益频繁,文化差异、宗教差异以及许多历史遗留问题更加突显,产生摩擦、碰撞的概率增大。第四,一些国家的内部矛盾激化,并引发冲突,各种国际势力趁机渗透并参与角逐,进而向国际扩散、转移,国际、国内话语场纠葛在一起。第五,数字媒介技术的飞速发展和普及,全球传播体系的逐步形成也起了推波助澜的作用。互联网传播速度更加快捷,一旦事情发生,便很快实现全球传播,实现网络与现实的同步化、一体
化。

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