Greek Culture 希腊文化
Timeline of Ancient Greece 古希腊历史年表
Ancient Greece--- no fixed dates for the beginning or the end of the period. In common usage it refers to all Greek history before the Roman Empire. ---古希腊的期限没有固定的日期开始或结束。已普遍使用，它是指所有的希腊罗马帝国之前的历史。
Its history is usually divided into several periods, among which we introduce three of them. 它的历史通常分为时期，其中一些我们介绍他们三个。
∙ 1600 BC to about 1100 BC 公元前1600年至公元前1100年左右
History of Mycenaean Greece 迈锡尼希腊历史
This period is known for the reign of King Agamemnon, and the wars against Troy. 这一时期是著名的阿伽门农王统治，反对特洛伊战争。
It is the historical setting of the epics of Homer and much other Greek mythology . 这是荷马史诗的历史环境和许多其他希腊神话 。
∙ 1100 BC to the 8th century BC 公元前1100年到公元前8世纪
“Greek Dark Ages" “希腊黑暗时代”
The word “dark” here refers to the period of Greek prehistory. 单词“黑暗”在这里指的是史前时期的希腊。 No primary texts, and only scant archaeological evidence, survive. 没有主的文本，只有很少的考古证据，生存。
8 uneventfulth century BC to 323 BC 公元前8世纪至公元前323年
The reign of Alexander the Great 在亚历山大统治大
This period ended with his death in 323 BC. 这一时期结束时，他的死在公元前323。
Alexander of Macedon 亚历山大马其顿
Alexander III , commonly known in the West as Alexander the Great or Alexander of Macedon , King of Macedon (336 BC-323 BC), was one of the most successful military commanders of the ancient world. 亚历山大三世 ，通常作为西方著名的亚历山大大帝或BC 亚历山大的马其顿 ，马其顿国王（公元前336 - 323），是世界上古老的指挥官最成功的军事。 He is known in some eastern traditions such as the Middle-Persian literature as Alexander the Cursed due to his burning of the Persian capital and national library. 他是著名的传统，例如一些东部的亚历山大波斯文学作为中年的诅咒由于他的图书馆烧毁波斯首都和国家。 How to appraise him? 如何评价他？ He was on a divinely-inspired( 神授 ) mission to unite the human race. 他是一个神圣的灵感（ 神授 ）的使命，团结人类。 He was the ancient world's equivalent of Napoleon I of France or Adolf Hitler, a megalomaniac( 自大狂的 ) bent on world domination. 他是古代世界的 自大 相当于（拿破仑一世或阿道夫希特勒，一个自大狂 狂的 ）统治执意世界。
Homer and his Epics 荷马史诗和他
A great deal of controversy about the identity of Homer. 伟大的荷马的身份对争议处理的。
∙ First recorder of former oral, epic poems served to entertain the ancient Greeks 第一录音机前口服，史诗送达受理古希腊人
∙ author of The Iliad and The Odyssey 笔者的伊利亚特和奥德赛
∙ The two major epics of ancient Greece, a major part of ancient history, especially that of Ancient Greece, thought by some to have been the backbone of an ancient Greek youth's education. 这两个教育的古希腊史诗的主要部分，主要的古代历史，尤其是古希腊的思想，一些有青年一直是古希腊的骨干。
The Iliad is set in the final year of the Trojan war. 伊利亚特是设在特洛伊战争的最后一年。
The odyssey describes the return of the Greek hero Odysseus(Ulysses) from the Trojan war. 奥德赛描述了战争返回希腊英雄奥德修斯（尤利西斯）从木马。
Trojan War 特洛伊战争
A famous war waged by the Greeks against the city of Troy in Greek legend. 一个著名的希腊发动战争的传说中的特洛伊城被希腊人。
A golden apple, inscribed“for the fairest” was thrown by Eris, goddess of discord, among the heavenly guests at the wedding of Peleus, and Thetis. 金的苹果，上最公平“的”厄里斯抛出了，不和女神，在珀琉斯的婚礼的客人在天上，和忒提斯。 Paris was asked to decide, among three goddesses, Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera, which is the most beautiful. 巴黎被要求作出决定，在3个女神，阿芙罗狄蒂，雅典娜和赫拉，这是最美丽的。 The apple goes to Aphrodite and in turn Paris gains Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, who was wife of Menelaus of Sparta. 苹果去阿芙罗狄蒂，从而巴黎收益海伦，在世界上最美丽的女人，谁是斯巴达的墨涅拉俄斯的妻子。 An expedition under the command of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, set out and therefore the Trojan War. 阿伽门农下一个探险队的命令，迈锡尼国王，并因此成立了特洛伊战争。 The siege lasted ten years. 历时十年
的围困。 The first nine of which were uneventful. 前九个其中平静。 In the tenth year, trojan horse, an instrument of war used by the Greeks to gain access to the city of Troy, leading to the Fall of Troy. 在第十个年头，木马，特洛伊文书的战争中使用的由希腊人进入城市的，导致了特洛伊城陷落。 A handful of armed Greeks climbed into the hollow belly of the giant wooden horse and the Trojans seized it and brought it into the city. 一个希腊人少数武装爬上木马空心肚皮的巨型木马和扣押，并把它纳入城市。 That night the Greek army emerged from the horse and sacked the city. 那天晚上，希腊军队中出现的马和洗劫了这个城市。
The Odyssey 奥德赛
∙ The epic tells of Odysseus's ten years of traveling. 史诗讲述了10年旅游奥德修斯的。
∙ The second half of the poem: Odysseus's arrival at his home island of Ithaca. 在下半年的诗：奥德修斯的伊萨卡岛抵达他的家。
Calypso - The sea nymph( 仙女 ) who keeps Odysseus captive for seven years and who, in hope of making him her husband, offers him immortality. The inhabitants of Land of the Lotus Eaters were amiable, but those of Odysseus' men who ate of the lotus, a local plant, quickly lost all memory of home and duty. 卡利普索 -海若虫 为7年，谁，希望让他在她的丈夫 （ 圈养 仙女 ）是谁一直在奥德修斯，给了他不朽。 莲花Eaters等的居民的土地是和蔼可亲，但那些奥德修斯'男人谁吃荷花，当地工厂，很快失去了所有记忆的家庭和责任。 Odysseus and his men who did not eat the plant dragged the men who did eat it back to the ship and sailed on., Polyphemus were the Cyclops who confined Odysseus and his companions in a cave until Odysseus blinded him and escaped. The sorceress Circe transformed the crew of Odysseus into swine. 奥德修斯和他的人谁没有吃植物的男人拖了谁吃回船舶和航行。， 波吕斐摩斯谁是他的同伴逃出独眼巨人在密闭奥德修斯奥德修斯和洞穴，直到他和失明。 女巫喀耳刻的转变奥德修斯把猪的船员。 When she found that she could not conquer Odysseus, took him as a lover and helped him with advice and supplies on his voyage home. The Sirens , one of a group of sea nymphs who by their sweet singing lured mariners to destruction on the rocks surrounding their island. 当她发现自己无法征服奥德修斯，把他作为一个情人，帮助他家的意见对他的航程和用品。 警报器 ，围绕一组岩石海若虫谁破坏了他们甜蜜的歌声诱惑航海他们的岛屿。
Penelope , the wife of Odysseus, is serious and industrious, a perfect wife and mother in many aspects.
佩内洛普 ，奥德修斯的妻子，是严重的和勤劳，一个完美的妻子和母亲在许多方面。 Exercising infinite patience and self-control, Odysseus tests the loyalty of his servants; plots and carries out a bloody revenge on Penelope's suitors; and is reunited with his son, his wife, and his aged father. 行使无限的耐心和自我控制，奥德修斯测试他的忠诚的仆人;情节的，开展了的求婚血腥报复佩内洛普和父亲团聚，是与他的儿子，他的妻子，和他的年龄。
Drama 戏剧
Greeks performed plays at religious festivals. 希腊人表现在宗教节日次。 A powerful drama developed in the 5th century BC Performances were given in open-air theatres, with the audience sitting on stone benches and looking down at the stage from three sides. 一个强大的戏剧表演发达国家在公元前5世纪被给予露天剧场，与观众坐在石头板凳，面向舞台，在三个方面。
∙ Aeschylus (525-456 BC)---noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry. 埃斯库罗斯（公元前525-456）---诗注意到他的性格写照和生动壮观。

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