动词不定式和动名词用法比较（Infinitive and Gerund）
I. 不定式和动名词形式形式
不定式和动名词
形式
时态
不定式(destroy为例)
enable的名词形式动名词( forbid为例)
分词(现在分词)
不及物动词(rise为例)
及物动词(write为例)
主动式
被动式
主动式
被动式
主动式
被动式
一般时
进行时
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
完成时
完成进行时
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
否定
自测表：
II. 不定式和动名词在句中做的成份
主语
谓语
宾语
表语
宾补
定语
状语
不定式
√
×
√
√
√
√
√
动名词
√
×
√
√
×
√
×
III. 疑问词 + 动词不定式to do
疑问词+
不定式
用法 Usage
范例 （请给疑问词+不定式下划线）
作主语（谓语动词通常用单数形式）
How to give advice in English is what I am trying to learn.
Where to go tomorrow has not been decide.
作宾语
作动词的宾语:advise, ask, consider, decide, discuss explain, forget, know, learn, show, remember, teach, tell
He has to learn how to collect water, hunt for food, and make fire.
You should not go rafting unless you know how to swim.
作介词的宾语
About, as, from, in, of, on, with, 
He has no idea of how to answer this question.
We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat.
作双宾语中的直接宾语:advise, ask, show, teach, tell
He will advise you what to do
Will you show me how to use this machine?
作表语
Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends.
The question is which to choose. 
IV. 用法
用法
动词不定式 (to do)
动名词 (doing)
主语
主语
形式主语 (it)
It is + adj. of / for sb. to do sth.
It is useless (no use) doing sth. It is no good doing sth. It is a waste of time doing sth..
宾语
后跟不定式的动词
To do: afford；agree; ask; attempt; choose; claim; decide; demand; determine; expect; fail; help; hesitate; hope; intend; long; manage; offer; plan; prepare; pretend; promise; refuse; strive; tend; threaten; want; wish
Sb. to do: advise; allow; ask; beg; cause; drive; enable; expect; encourage; forbid; force; get; inform; invite; order; permit; persuade; want; warn
acknowledge = admit = confess; admire; appreciate; avoid; ban; consider; delay = postpone; deny; dislike; enjoy; escape; excuse = forgive; favour; finish = complete; forbid; forgive; imagine = fancy; include; involve; keep; mention; mind; miss; practice; quit; resist; risk; stand(容忍); suggest
Tenses
to do – to be done
to be doing- /
to have done – to have been done
          do （主动、过程）
see sb/ sth  doing（主动，进行）
          done (被动)
逻辑主语:
sb’s doing sth.
介词 + doing
From: prevent/ stop sb. from doing sth.;  keep sb. (from) doing sth.;  protect sb. from doing sth
In: There is no point (in) doing: have difficulty/trouble/fun (in) doing;be busy (in) doing  (be busy with sth.) : spend ST./SM (in) doing  (spend ST./SM. on sth.): be involved in doing sth. = be engaged in doing;  succeed in doing: persevere in doing = persist in doing
To: be used to doing = be accustomed to doing: look forward to doing; stick to doing; lead to doing; confess to doing; sit(get) down to doing; devote/dedicate oneself to doing; owe sth. to doing; prefer doing A to doing B; pay attention to doing; the key to doing
insist on doing; keep on doing; think of doing; dream of doing; be fond of doing; give up doing;  end up doing; set about doing; put off doing; can’t help doing; feel like doing
形式宾语 (it)
sb. find it +adj. (for sb.) to do sth. 
动词：think, make, find, consider, feel
I find it a hard thing (no use) translating Chinese poems into English.
sb. find it + n..+ doing sth. 动词：believe, consider, feel, find, imagine, make, think
V + doing/ to do
regret ; mean; remember ; forget ; go on ; stop to do ; try
表语
系动词后
L-V+ to do 系动词：be; seem; appear, prove; turn out; grow
L-V+ doing
定语
序数词，形容词.....后
the first one to come; has an opinion to share; sth. be +adj. to do (prep.)
a washing machine = a machine for washing; a living room = a room for living a dining table = a table for dining; reading materials = materials for reading
状语
表目的(so as to, in order to
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
N/A
在句末表示事先没有预料到的结果，前面常用only表强调
He searched the room only to find nothing./I visited him only to find him out.
作表语的状语表示原因/程度
I am glad to see you./The room is large enough to have meeting in.

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