语言学教程 chapter1-3
1. design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
本质特征：决定了我们语言性质的特征。如任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性等等。
2. function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,etc.Language functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
功能：运用语言进行交流、思考等等。语言的功能包括信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能。
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic means making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
非位的：相对于“位学的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。
4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.
位学的：相对于“非位的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。言语行为和事件中的位学系统必须是有效而有意义的，是通过言语社会中的本族语者而不仅仅是调查者的聪明和直觉获得的。
5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.
共时：以一个固定的时间（通常，但非必须，是现在）为它的观察角度的描写。大多数的语法书属于此类型。
6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
历时：在语言的历史过程中研究语言。
7. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to laying down rules for language use.
规定式：规定事情应该是怎样的。如制定语言运用规则。
8. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
描写式：描述事情是怎样的。
9. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
任意性：人类语言的本质特征之一。它指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系。
10. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
二重性：人类语言的本质特征之一。拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。
11. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present (in time and space),at the moment of communication.
移位性：人类语言的本质特征之一。人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话时（时间和处所）并不存在的物体、事件、和观点。
enable的名词形式12. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.
交感性谈话：人类语言的功能之一。指语言的社会交互性。
metalanguage元语言: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.
13. macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et
宏观语言学：语言和与语言有关的学科。如心理学、社会学、人种学、法学和人工智能等等。宏观语言学的分支包括语言心理学、社会语言学、人类语言学等等。
14. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
语言能力：一个语言使用者关于语言系统规则的基本理解。
15. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.
语言运用：具体场景中语言的真实使用。
16. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
语言：说话者的语言能力。
17. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
言语：语言的实际现象或语料。
18. Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.
发音语音学：研究语音的产生。
19. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.
协同发音；涉及到同时或重合的发音过程。协同发音包括逆化协同发音和重复性协同发音。
20. Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
浊音：发音（通常是一个元音或一个发声辅音）时声带振动。
21. Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

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