构词法
英语构词通常包括六种⽅法：转化法、派⽣法、合成法、混合法、截短法和⾸尾字母结合法。
⼀。英语词汇构词法之【转化法】
英语构词法中把⼀种词性⽤作另⼀种词性⽽词形不变的⽅法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。
1. 动词转化为名词
1）意思没有变化，例如：I think we'd better finish the talk now. 我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。
2）意思有⼀定变化，例如：He is a man of strong build. 他是⼀个体格健壮的汉⼦。
3）构成短语，例如：Let's have a look first. 我们先看⼀下吧。
2. 名词转化为动词
1）表⽰物体的，如：Have you booked the ticket? 你订好票了吗?
2）表⽰⾝体部位的，如：Hand in your papers please. 请把你们的试卷交上来。
3）表⽰⼀类⼈的，如：She nursed her husband back to health. 她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
4）抽象名词，如：We breakfasted together. 我们在⼀起吃了早餐。
3. 形容词转化为动词
少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：
We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽⼒改善我们的⽣
活状况。
4. 副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：Murder will out . 恶事终必将败露。
5. 形容词转化为名词
1）表⽰颜⾊的形容词常可转化为名词，如：
The girl in black appears very beautiful. 那个穿⿊⾐服的⼥孩⼦看上去⾮常漂亮。
2）⼀些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连⽤，表⽰⼀类⼈，作主语时，谓语⽤复数，如：We don't belong to the rich, but we don't belong to t he poor，either.我们不是有钱⼈，但我们也不是穷⼈。
⼆。英语词汇构词法之【派⽣法】
英语构词法中在词根前⾯加前缀或在词根后⾯加后缀，从⽽构成⼀个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的⽅法叫作派⽣法。
1. 前缀
除少数英语前缀外，前缀⼀般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后缀⼀般改变词类，⽽不引起词义的变化。
(1) 表⽰否定意义的前缀常⽤的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前⾯加
这类前缀常构成与该
意义相反的新词。例如：
agree（同意）→disagree（不同意）；fair（公平的）→unfair（不公平的）；
possible (可能的) →impossible(不可能的) ; understand (理解) →misunderstand(误解)
(2) 表⽰其他意义的前缀常⽤的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (⾃动), co- (共同), en- (使),
inter- (互相), re- (再；⼜), sub- (下⾯的；次；⼩), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：
co-worker (同事，帮⼿); enlarge (使变⼤) ; cooperate (合作); rewrite (重写); sub way (地铁)
2. 后缀
给单词加后缀也是英语构词的⼀种重要⽅法。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后
缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。下⾯仅作简单介绍。
(1) 构成名词的后缀常⽤的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的⼈),-ese (某地⼈)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通……的⼈)，
-ist (专业⼈员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：differ (不同于) →difference(区别); write (写) →writer(作家); China (中国)→Chi nese (中国⼈);
act (表演) →actress(⼥演员); music (⾳乐) →musician(⾳乐家)
(2) 构成动词的后缀常⽤的有-(e)n (多⽤于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。
例如：
wide →widen(加宽); beauty →beautify(美化) ; pure →purify(提纯) ; real →realize (意识到)
organ →organize(组织) ; sharp →sharpen(使变锋利)
(3) 构成形容词的后缀常⽤的有-al，-able (有能⼒的)，-(a)n(某国⼈的)，-en (多⽤于表⽰材
料的名词后)，-ern (⽅向的)，-ese(某国⼈的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表⽰否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表⽰天⽓)等。例如：
nature (⾃然) →natural(⾃然的) ; reason (道理) →reasonable(有道理的) ;
America (美国)→American(美国的) ; China (中国) →Chinese(中国⼈的) ; gold (⾦⼦) →golden(⾦的);
east (东) →eastern(东⽅的) ; child (孩⼦) →childish(孩⼦⽓的) ; snow (雪) →sno wy (雪的)
(4) 构成副词的常⽤后缀有-ly (主要⽤于形容词之后表⽰⽅式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要⽤于
表⽰⽅位的词之后表⽰⽅向)。例如：
angry (⽣⽓的) →angrily(⽣⽓地) ; to (到) →towards(朝……，向……) ; east (东⽅)→eastward(向东)
(5) 构成数词的后缀有-teen (⼗⼏)，-ty (⼏⼗)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：
三. 英语词汇构词法之【合成法】
英语构词法中把两个单词连在⼀起合成⼀个新词，前⼀个词修饰或限定后⼀个词，这样的⽅法就是合成法。
1. 合成名词
构成⽅式例词
名词＋名词: weekend (周末) ; 名词＋动词: daybreak (黎明) ; 名词＋动名词: handwr iting (书法);
名词＋及物动词＋er／or : pain-killer (⽌痛药) ; 名词＋介词＋名词: sister-in-law (嫂⼦);
代词＋名词: she-wolf (母狼) ; 动词＋名词: typewriter (打字机) ; 动名词＋名词: read ing-room (阅览室)
现在分词＋名词: flying-fish (飞鱼) ; 形容词＋名词: freshman (⼤⼀新⽣) ;
副词＋动词: outlook (景⾊，风光) ; 介词＋名词: afterbrain (后脑)
2. 合成形容词
名词＋形容词: bloodred (⾎红的) ; 名词＋现在分词: French-speaking (讲法语的);
名词＋to＋名词: one-to-one (⼀对⼀的) ; 名词＋过去分词: man-made (⼈造的);
数词＋名词: one-way (单⾏道的) ; 数词＋名词＋形容词: three-year-old (三岁的);
数词＋名词＋ed : ten-storeyed (⼗层的) ; 动词＋副词: one-off (⼀次性的) ;
形容词＋名词: high-quality (⾼质量的) ; 形容词＋名词＋ed: noble-minded (⾼尚的)
形容词＋形容词: light-green (浅绿⾊的) ; 形容词＋现在分词: ordinary-looking (相貌⼀般的);
副词＋形容词: ever-green (常青的) ; 副词＋现在分词: hard-working (⾟勤的) ;
副词＋过去分词: well-known (著名的) ; 副词＋名词: fast-food (专门提供快餐
服务的) ;
介词＋名词: indoor (室内的)
3. 合成动词
名词＋动词: sleep-walk (梦游) ; 形容词＋动词: white-wash (粉刷) ; 副词＋动词: o verwhelm (压倒，制服)
4. 合成副词
形容词＋名词: hotfoot (匆忙地) ; 形容词＋副词: everywhere (到处) ; 副词＋副词: however (尽管如此);
介词＋名词: beforehand (事先) ; 介词＋副词: forever (永远)
5. 合成代词
代词宾格＋self : herself (她⾃⼰) ; 物主代词＋self : myself (我⾃⼰) ; 形容词＋名词: anything (⼀切)
6. 合成介词
副词＋名词: outside (在……外⾯) ; 介词＋副词: within (在……之内) ; 副词＋介词: i nto (进⼊)
四. 英语词汇构词法之【截短法(缩略法)】
将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1. 截头
telephone →phone ; airplane →plane
2. 去尾
mathematics →maths ; examination →exam ; kilogram →kilo; laboratory →lab ; tax icab →taxi
3. 截头去尾
influenza →flu; refrigerator →fridge; prescription →script
五. 英语词汇构词法之【混合法(混成法)】
英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取⼀部分紧缩⽽成⼀个新词，前半部分表属性，后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。
news broadcast →newscast(新闻⼴播) ; television broadcast →telecast(电视播送) ;
smoke and fog →smog烟雾; photo and graphy →photography摄影，摄影术;
helicopter airport →heliport直升飞机场
六. 英语词汇构词法之【⾸尾字母缩略法】
⽤单词⾸尾字母组成⼀个新词的英语构词法叫做⾸尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词⽣成的新词，读⾳主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读⾳；作为⼀个单词读⾳。Testing of English as a Foreign Language →TOEFL托福
Teach English as a Foreign Language →TEFL
Teach English as a Second Language →TESL
Graduate Record Examination →GRE美国研究⽣⼊学考试
附录：基本构词法：（要求背记下来）
Word formation
I. Put the following words into nouns（名词）:
1.develop—development
2. explain --explanation
3. quiet --quietness
4. arrive --arrival
5. believe --belief
7. advise --advice 8. dirty--dirt 9. similar—similarity
13. absent --absence 14. poor—poverty 15. bleed--blood 16. strong--strength 17.predict—prediction
18.lonely--loneliness
19. responsible—responsibility 20. fail--failure 21.
discuss--discussion
22. argue—argument 23. enter--entrance 24. long--length 25. heavy—heaviness
II. Put the following words into verbs（动词）:
1.proof--prove
2. preference—prefer
3. effect—affect
4. modern--modernize
5. summary--summarize
6. wide--widen
7. strong--strengthen 8. threat--threaten 9. courage—encourage 10. terror--terrify 11.admiration--admire 12. existence—exist 13. able--enable 14. graduation--graduate 15. sight—see
16. success--succeed 17. analysis--analyse 18. service—serve
19. description--describe 20. danger--endanger 21. large—enlarge
22.decision--decide 23. information--inform 24. preparation—prepare 25. representative—represent
III. Put the following into adjectives（形容词）:
1.believe--believable
2. hand--handy
3. imagine—imaginative
4.violence--violent
5. responsibility--responsible
6. necessity— necessary
7. correction--correct
8. importance —important
9. nation--national 10. reason--reasonable 11. hope —hopeful
12. science--scientific 13. medicine--medical 14. honesty —honest
15. environment--environmental 16. popularity--popular 17. creativity —creative
18. forget--forgettable 19. chemistry--chemical 20. communication —communicative
IV. Put the following into antonym（反义词）:
1.appear--disappear
2. honest--dishonest
3. careful—careless
4. visible—invisible
5. understand--misunderstand
6. ugly—beautiful
7. friendly--unfriendly 8 expected--unexpected 9. logical—illogical
10. regular--irregular 11. stop--nonstop 12. possible—impossible
13. forgettable--unforgettable 14. success--failure 15. able—disable
16. defensive--defenseless 17. happy--unhappy 18. polite—impolite
19.hopeless--hopeful 20.active--inactive 21. interesting--uninteresting
V. Put the following into adverbs（副词）:
2. happy--happily
3. hard—hard ;
4. fast--fast
5. terrible--terribly
VI. Pick out adverbs in the following words（出副词）:
1. lonely--
2.friendly--
3. ugly—
4. quietly--
5. lively--
7. aloud-- 8. homely-- 9. lovely—10. easily—
巩固练习
做完以下四种“集中练”习题，相信你定能从构词法的特点中得到启⽰，并积极运⽤到平时的语⾔知识识记中。
1. 写出下列单词转化前后的中⽂意思。［转化法：由⼀个词类转化为另⼀个词类。如：water （n．）⽔——— water（v．）浇⽔］
（1）a．Don't draw on the wall．（v．）_____
b．The match is still in draw．（n．）_____
（2）a．He often uses the lift to go up and down．（n．）_____
b．Let's lift the box onto the bed．（v．）_____
（3）a．Open the door，please！（v．）_____
b．Keep the windows open，it's hot．（adj．）_____
（4）a．Will you please clean the room？（v．）_____
b．The air today is nice and clean．（adj．）_____
（5）a．It's very cold outside．（adj．）_____
b．He's got a bad cold．（n．）_____
（6）a．The people here are kind to us．（adj．）_____
b．This kind of fruit sells well．（n．）_____
（7）a．He left on a cold winter morning．（v．）_____
b．He uses his left hand a lot．（adj．）_____
（8）a．We often play football together．（v．）_____
b．That play will be put on again next week ．（n．）_____
（9）a．Show me your question，please！（v．）_____
b．Many old things are on show now．（n．）_____
2．派⽣法构成词⼤演练。［派⽣法：通过加前缀或后缀构成另⼀个词。如：happy—unhappy （加前缀）— happiness（加后缀）］
（1）You look（worry）____________，what's happened？
（2）We can't leave the children by（they）______________．
（3）Two（visit）____________ have just arrived，they are（America）_____．
enable的名词形式（4）The ones in that corner are（cut）_______________ machines．
（5）The sun shines（bright）______________ here every day．
（6）That sounds（interest）___________________．I'm always（interest）________________ in new films．
（7）The（travel）_____________ were（happy）________________ because they had lost all their money．
（8）A telephone is a very（use）_______________（invent）_____________ ．
（9）It's too（noise）_____________ behind my（build）________________ ，so I can hardly fall（sleep）_____________．
（10）It's（real）_______________ cold here，you'd better put on your（wool）________________ sweater．
（11）February is the（two）_______________ month of year，and I think it's the（bad）_______________one．
（12）Did he listen（care）__________ to you from（begin）____________ to end？
（13）My uncle and aunt have lived in a village（call）____________ Gum Tree all their（life）____________ ．
（14）Which programme is（enjoy）____________ on TV now ？
（15）Don't play on the road．It's too（danger）_____________ ．（safe）___________ must come first．
（16）—Can you speak（France）____________？
—Yes，I've just spoken to some（France）____________ from the（south）___________ part of France．
3．按合成法特点，从B组中选出可与A组组成合成词的词并记忆。［合成法：由两个或更多的词合成⼀个词。
如：water（⽔）＋fall（落下）—waterfall（瀑布）］
A：kilo , sun , home , south , no , down , moon , week , rain, book , loud , hard , glass, take , may, break, grand , tooth, my, get
B：stairs, work, body , cake , coat, seller, light, east , end , speaker, topped , away, working, fast, children,
Ache, be, self, metre, together
_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________
_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________
4．你是否对下列词语的缩略语形式⽿熟能详？［次要的构词法：借助“截短法”、“缩短法”、“混合法”⽽形成的⼀些缩略词。如：the People's Republic of China—PRC］
（1）very important person_________ （2）the United States of America_____________
（3）telephone__________ （4）bicycle____________
（5）aeroplane___________ （6）television___________
（7）cannot___________ （8）photograph______________ （9）laboratory____________ （10）popular______________ （11）kilogram____________ （12）examination____________（13）physical education____________ （14）will not____________ （15）number___________ （16）mister___________
（17）breakfast and lunch____________ （18）mathematics_____________ （19）refrigerator___________ （20）zoological garden____________ （21）programme___________
（22）adjective_____________
课后作业：
⼀、选择适当的词填空。
announcement, apology, cheerful, comfortably, continuous, pronunciation, reasonable, scientific, satisfaction, wealthy
1. The brain needs a(n)______________ supply of blood.
2. Though she is _____________, the lady does not feel very happy.
3. We sell good quality food at ______________ prices.
4. The boy is good at grammar, but poor in ______________.
5. I owe you a(n)_______________ for my rudeness yesterday.
6. Facing the south, the room is ________________warm.
7. To her ______________, business has been good in the first two months.
8. Young mothers should be taught how to raise their babies in a(n) _____________ way.
9. “Here we are!” the boy shouted in a(n) _____________ voice.
10. We heard the hostess' ______________ as soon as we got on the plane.
⼆、根据句意⽤所给单词的正确形式填空。
1. There is some ______________ (possible) that our team will win the basketball match.
2. We must take measures to prevent factories from sending out ______________ (poison) gases into the air.
3. To my ______________ (disappoint), he failed to pass the college entrance exam this year.
4. It is much more ______________ (comfort) to travel by air than by ship.
5. It was because of his _______________ (care) that the car accident happened.
6. She had done something wrong and told us she was _____________ (true) sorry about it.
7. On his ______________ (arrive) at the airport, he received a warm welcome from the teachers and students.
8. Many of his answers are ______________(correct), so the teacher asked him to do the exercises again.
9. She was going to take part in the party, but an _____________(expected) guest dropped in on her.
10. The meeting supposed to be _______________ (success) turned out to be a failure in the end.
三、将下列单词加前缀或后缀派⽣出⼀个新词。
1. argue
2. spoon
3. advantage
4. polite
5. pleasant
6. attract
7. sleep
8. courage
9. discuss 10. visit
答案：
⼀、1. continuous 2. wealthy 3. reasonable 4. pronunciation
5. apology
6. comfortably
7. satisfaction
8. scientific
9. cheerful 10. announcement
⼆、1. possibility 2. poisonous 3. disappointment 4. comfortable
5. carelessness
6. truly
7. arrival
8. incorrect
9. unexpected
10. successful
三、1. argument 2. spoonful 3. disadvantage 4. impolite / politely
5. unpleasant / pleasantly
6. attractive / attraction
7. asleep / sleepy / sleepless 8. encourage / encouragement
9. discussion 10. visitor
Keys:
1．（1）a．画画b．平局（2）a．电梯b．抬起（3）a．打开b．开着的（4）a．打扫b．清新的（5）a．寒冷的b．感冒（6）a．友好的b．种类（7）a．离开b．左边的（8）a．踢、打、玩b．戏剧
（9）a．给……看b．展出
2．（1）worried（2）themselves（3）visitors，American（s）
（4）cutting（5）brightly（6）interesting，interested（7）travel（l）ers，unhappy（8）useful，invention（9）noisy，building，asleep（10）really，wool（l）en（11）second，worst（12）carefully，beginn mostenjoyable（15）dangerous，Safety（16）French，Frenchmen，southern 3．kilometre，sunlight，homework，southeast，nobody，downstairs，mooncake，weekend，rain-
coat，bookseller，loudspeaker，hardworking，glass-topped，take-away，maybe，breakfast，

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