Designation:D2563–94(Reapproved2002)e1An American National Standard Standard Practice for
Classifying Visual Defects in Glass-Reinforced Plastic
Laminate Parts1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation D2563;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e1N OTE—Editorially revised1.2in March2002.
1.Scope
1.1This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual in-spection of parts made from glass-reinforced plastic laminates.
1.2This practice presents word descriptions of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts,drawings,product specifications,andfinal inspection.
1.3This practice also categorizes different inspection re-quirements for levels of product quality.
1.4The allowable size and frequency of permitted defects within the acceptance level categories of this specification are general and not related to specific service requirements.A Level IV of allowable defects which defines allowable size, frequency,and permitted repair procedures should be estab-lished for specific service requirements as agreed upon be-tween the purchaser and the supplier.
1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
N OTE1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this practice.
2.Acceptance Criteria
2.1The method and frequency of sampling and the allow-able defects may be previously agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
2.2Dimensions and Tolerances—Parts shall be inspected for conformance with dimensions and tolerances specified on the drawings.Any dimensions falling outside the specified limits shall be cause for rejection.
2.3Inserts—All inserts,nuts,studs,and lugs shall not be damaged in any way,nor coated with laminate materials in such a way as to impair function or mechanicalfit.Threads in molded-in inserts shall be clean,smooth,free of nicks,tears,or other damage.There shall be no laminate materials orflash on the threads.If necessary,threaded inserts may be retapped to clean them or removeflash.Threads containing locking fea-tures or coated for corrosion resistance shall not be retapped.
2.4Molded-In Threads or Cored Holes—Molded-in threads or cored holes shall be free of visible defects such as chips,cracks,shorts,etc.Molded-in threads may be retapped or repaired unless otherwise specifically noted on the product drawings.
2.5Workmanship—Workmanship shall be in accordance with good commercial practices as listed in Table1for applicable acceptance levels.
2.6Critical Area—Some portions of a part may be consid-ered more critical than others.A critical area is here defined as an area in which the presence of imperfections is considered to be most detrimental.The areas of parts that are critical structurally,aerodynamically,or electrically shall be uniform and free of defects as listed in Table1,if so stated on the product drawing.Critical areas may be designated on the product drawing by one of the following methods:
2.6.1Encircle critical areas,or
2.6.2Cross-hatch areas to designate areas of various levels, or
2.6.3Word description.
2.7Allowable Defects,Visual—The defects in noncritical areas which by nature,content,or frequency do
not affect serviceability of the part are designated as allowable defects. Allowable defects shall be fully described as to type,size, number,extent allowed,and spacing.The appropriate accep-tance level(Table1)for defects in these areas must be specified.Where Level IV is used the defects must be fully described on the product drawing.Defects greater than those listed in the product specifications,drawings,or contracts for the part shall be cause for rejection.
2.8Repairable Defects—Repairable defects,if any,shall consist of those which can be repaired without affecting the serviceability of the part unless prohibited in the product drawing or in the contract.Acceptable methods of repair shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller and shall
1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20on Plastics and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18on Reinforced Thermosetting
Plastics.
Current edition approved February15,1994.Published April1994.Originally
published as D2563–66T.Last previous edition D2563–70(1987)e1.
1
Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.
be only as specified in the product drawing or contracts for the part.
2.9Surface Finish—The over-all surfacefinish of laminates may vary with the process used and the type of reinforcement. Unless surfacefinish is specified on part drawings,contracts,or orders from the purchaser,parts shall not be rejected for any reading less than150rms.Defects shall be considered as not included in over-all surfacefinish.
2.10Surface Appearance—The surface appearance or color,or both,of laminated parts can vary considerably depending on the process used to make the laminate,thickness, type of reinforcement,type of resin,resin-to-reinforcement ratio and the presence of defects.Any questions concerning surface appearance and its influence on the properties of the part should be brought to the attention of the responsible materials engineer.
3.Acceptance Levels
3.1Visual Inspection—Each part shall be checked visually without the aid of magnification.Defects shall be classified as to type and level as shown in Table1(see Note2).The acceptable quality level shall be determined by reference to the part drawing for the applicable acceptance level for allowable defects.If none of thefirst three levels(Level I,II,III)is considered applicable,the level shall be Level IV,and allow-able defects must be specified on the product drawing.Any excess of defects as specified under the required level shall be cause for rejection.Unless otherwise specified,dimensions are surface dimensions.
N OTE2—Typical defects as outlined in the word descriptions of Table 1are illustrated in Figs.1-21.2
3.2Acceptance Level I—Presence of any defects in excess of those listed in Table1,Level I,shall be cause for rejection, unless otherwise specified in Table1,Level I.
3.3Acceptance Level II—Presence of more than one defect of those listed in Table1,Level II,for each estimated10in.2 of surface shall be cause for rejection,unless otherwise specified in Table1,Level II.No defect area shall be less than 2in.from another.
3.4Acceptance Level III—Presence of more than two de-fects of those listed in Table1,Level III,for each estimated13 mm(5in.)2of surface shall be cause for rejection,unless otherwise specified in Table1,
Level III.No defect area shall be less than1in.from another.
3.5Acceptance Level IV—To be specified on the product drawing.
4.Keywords
4.1reinforced thermosetting plastics;visual defects
TABLE1Allowable Defects
Name Definition
Visual Acceptance Levels
Level I Level II Level III
Chip a small piece broken off an edge or surface none maximum dimension of break,3.0mm
(1⁄8in.)maximum dimension of break,6.5mm (1⁄4in.)
Crack an actual separation of the laminate,visible on
opposite surfaces,and extending through the
thickness
none none none
Crack,surface crack existing only on the surface of the
laminate
none maximum length,3.0mm(1⁄8in.)maximum length6.5mm(1⁄4in.)
Crazingfine cracks at or under the surface of a
laminate none maximum dimension of crazing,13mm
(1⁄2in.)
maximum dimension of crazing,25mm
(1in.).
frequency and location to be determined by customer
Delamination,edge separation of the layers of material at the edge
of a laminate
none maximum dimension,3.0mm(1⁄8in.)maximum dimension,6.5mm(1⁄4in.)
Delamination, internal separation of the layers of material in a
laminate
none none none
Dry-spot area of incomplete surfacefilm where the
reinforcement has not been wetted with resin
none maximum diameter,9.5mm(3⁄8in.)maximum diameter,14mm(9⁄16in.)
Foreign inclusion (metallic)metallic particles included in a laminate which
are foreign to its composition
none none,if for electrical use;maximum
dimension,0.8mm(1⁄32in.),1/0.09
m2(1ft2),if for mechanical use
none,if for electrical use;maximum
editoriallydimension,1.5mm(1⁄16in.),1/0.09
m2(1ft2),if for mechanical use
Foreign inclusion (nonmetallic)nonmetallic particles of substance included in a
laminate which seem foreign to its composition
none maximum dimension,0.8mm(1⁄32in.),
1/0.09m2(1ft2)
maximum dimension,1.5mm(1⁄16in.);
1/0.09m2(1ft2)
Fracture rupture of laminate surface without complete
penetration
none maximum dimension,21mm(13⁄16in.)maximum dimension,29mm(11⁄8in.)
Air bubble(void)air entrapment within and between the plies of
reinforcement,usually spherical in shape none maximum diameter,1.5mm(1⁄16in.);
2/in.2
maximum diameter,3.0mm(1⁄8in.);
4/in.2
Blister rounded elevation of the surface of a laminate,
with boundaries that may be more or less
sharply defined,somewhat resembling in shape
a blister on the human skin none maximum diameter,3.0mm(1⁄8in.);
height from surface not to be outside
drawing tolerance
maximum diameter,6.5mm(1⁄4in.);
height from surface not to be outside
drawing tolerance
Burned showing evidence of thermal decomposition
through some discoloration,distortion,or
destruction of the surface of the laminate
none none none
Fish-eye small globular mass which has not blended
completely into the surrounding material and is
particularly evident in a transparent or
translucent material none maximum diameter,9.5mm(3⁄8in.)maximum diameter,13mm(1⁄2in.) 2Full-size(8by10-in.)glossy prints of these typical defects are available at a nominal charge from ASTM Headquarters.Order Adjunct:
ADJD2563.
Name Definition
Visual Acceptance Levels
Level I Level II Level III
Lack offillout an area,occurring usually at the edge of a
laminated plastic,where the reinforcement has
not been wetted with resin
none maximum diameter,6.5mm(1⁄4in.)maximum diameter,9.5mm(3⁄8in.)
Orange-peel uneven surface somewhat resembling an
orange peel
none maximum diameter,14mm(9⁄16in.)maximum diameter,29mm(11⁄8in.)
Pimple small,sharp,or conical elevation on the
surface of a laminate
none none maximum diameter,3.0mm(1⁄8in.)
Pit(pinhole)small crater in the surface of a laminate,with
its width approximately of the same order of
magnitude as its depth none maximum diameter,0.4mm(1⁄64in.);
depth less than1percent of wall
thickness
maximum diameter,0.8mm(1⁄32in.);
depth less than20percent of wall
thickness
frequency and location to be determined by customer
Porosity(pinhole)presence of numerous visible pits(pinholes)none maximum of25pits(pinholes)in
porous area of size listed in Level II maximum of50pits(pinholes)in porous area of size listed in Level III
Pre-gel an unintentional extra layer of cured resin on
part of the surface of the laminate
(This condition does not include gel coats.)none maximum dimension,6.5mm(1⁄4in.);
height above surface not to be outside
drawing tolerance
maximum dimension,13mm(1⁄2in.);
height above surface not to be outside
drawing tolerance
Resin-pocket an apparent accumulation of excess resin in a
small localized area within the laminate
none maximum diameter,3.0mm(1⁄8in.)maximum diameter,6.5mm(1⁄2in.)
Resin-rich edge insufficient reinforcing material at the edge of
molded laminate none maximum,0.4mm(1⁄64in.)from the
edge
maximum,0.8mm(1⁄32in.)from the
edge
Shrink-mark(sink)depression in the surface of a molded laminate
where it has retracted from the mold none maximum diameter,9.5mm(3⁄8in.);
depth not greater than25percent of
wall thickness
maximum diameter,14mm(9⁄16in.);
depth not greater than25percent of
wall thickness
Wash area where the reinforcement of molded plastic
has moved inadvertently during closure of the
mold resulting in resin-rich areas
none maximum dimension,21mm(13⁄16in.)maximum dimension,29mm(11⁄8in.)
Wormhole elongated air entrapment which is either in or
near the surface of a laminate and may be
covered by a thinfilm of cured resin
none maximum diameter,3.0mm(1⁄8in.)maximum diameter,6.5mm(1⁄4in.)
Wrinkles in a laminate,an imperfection that has the
appearance of a wave molded into one or more
plies of fabric or other reinforcement material none maximum length surface side,13mm
(1⁄2in.);maximum length opposite side,
13mm(1⁄2in.);depth less than10
percent of wall thickness
maximum length surface side,25mm
(1in.);maximum length opposite side,
25mm(1in.);depth less than15
percent of wall thickness
Scratch shallow mark,groove,furrow,or channel
caused by improper handling or storage none maximum length,25mm(1.0in.);
maximum depth,0.125(0.005in.)
maximum length,25mm(1.0in.);
maximum depth,0.255(0.010in.)
Short in a laminate,an incompletelyfilled out
condition
N OTE—this may be evident either through
an absence of surfacefilm in some areas,or
as lighter unfused particles of material showing
through a covering surfacefilm,possibly
accompanied by thin-skinned blisters none none
none
FIG.1Chips(A),Surface Cracks(B),Interply Delamination(C)
FIG.2Crazing

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