flat plate normally used for melting.The customary size is about3ft(0.914m)square,about1⁄2to7⁄8in.(12.7to22.2 mm)thick,weighing up to about300lb(136kg)and may have hanging loops attached.Cathodes may also be cut to smaller dimensions.
chemically refined copper—copper recovered from an aque-ous solution by other than electrolytic means.Usually when this term is used alone it refers to chemically refined tough pitch copper.This designation applies to the following:—copper cast in refinery shapes suitable for hot or cold working,or both,and by extension,to fabricators products made therefrom,
—ingots or ingot bars suitable for remelting.
cladding ratio—ratio by percent thickness of the component layers,for example.
close nipple—a nipple with no shoulder or unthreaded portion between two threads;the shortest possible pipe nipple with complete threads.
cold work—controlled mechanical operations for changing the form or cross section of a product and for producing a strain-hardened product at temperatures below the recrystal-lization temperature.
corner radius on square or rectangular wire—any configu-ration on the corner between a chamfer and a full radius.The measurement of a corner radius is the distance from the blend point on one surface to the extension of the other surface.
dents—depressions in the copper foil which do not signifi-cantly change the thickness of the copper foil. deoxidized copper,high-residual phosphorus—copper deoxidized with phosphorus residual in amounts0.015to 0.04%.The copper is not susceptible to hydrogen embrittle-ment,as determined in Specification B379.The copper is of relatively low-electrical conductivity due to the amount of phosphorus present.
N OTE1—International Standards Organization specifications permit up to0.050%phosphorus.
deoxidized copper,low-residual phosphorus—copper deoxidized with phosphorus residual in amounts0.004to 0.012%.The copper is not readily susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement,as determined in Specification B379.The copper in the annealed condition has a minimum conductiv-ity of90%IACS.
dewetting—a condition that results when molten solder has coated a surface and then receded leaving irregular-shaped mounds of solder separated by areas covered with a thinfilm but base metal is not exposed.
dish(cross or transverse bow)—the departure fromflatness across the full width of the strip in the form of a single arc, excluding burrs.
disk—a round,commerciallyflat solid blank made from aflat rolled product.
distribution tube(Type D)—a seamless or welded copper tube known as copper distribution tube(Type D).
double layerflat—a coil in which the product is spirally wound into two connected disk-like layers such that one layer is on top of the other.(Sometimes called“double layer pancake coil”or“double layer spirally wound coil.”)drawn stress relieved(DSR)—a thermal treatment of a cold-drawn tubular product to improve ductility without significantly affecting its tensile strength or microstructure. electrolytic copper—copper of any origin,refined by electro-lytic deposition including electrowinning.Usually when this term is used alone it refers to electrolytic tough pitch copper. This designation applies to the following:
—cathodes that are the direct product of the refining operation.
—electrodeposited copper cast in refinery shapes suitable for hot or cold working or both,and by extension,to fabricators’products made therefrom.
—electrodeposited copper cast into ingots or ingot bars suitable for remelting.
embrittlement—the reduction of the normal ductility in a metal due to a physical or chemical change.As it relates to these test methods,embrittlement is the loss of ductility caused by the reaction of cuprous oxide in the copper product when exposed at elevated temperatures to a reducing atmosphere.
ends—straight pieces,shorter than the nominal length,left over after cutting the product into mill lengths,stock lengths, or specific lengths.They are subject to minimum length and maximum weight requirements.
extrusion—a uniform metal shape,long in relation to its cross-sectional dimensions,produced by forcing a suitably preheated billet or preform through an orifice(die)of the desired cross section.Extrusions generally are furnished in straight lengths.
fire-refined copper—copper of any origin or typefinished by furnace refining without having been proce
ssed at any stage by electrolytic or chemical refining.Usually when the term fire-refined copper is used alone it refers tofire-refined tough pitch copper.This designation applies to the following:—copper cast in refinery shapes suitable for hot or cold working or both,and by extension,to fabricators’products made therefrom.
—ingots or ingot bars suitable for remelting.
flash—as in welding,the metal that protrudes at the weld of the tube,internally,externally,or both,as a result of the pressure applied when a forge-type seam is produced;the two types offlash are internalflash and externalflash.
flat product—a rectangular or square solid section of rela-tively great length in proportion to thickness.Included in the designation“flat product”depending on the width and thickness,are plate,sheet,strip,and bar.Also included is the product known as“flat wire.”
flat wire—a product up to and including0.188in.(4.78mm) in thickness and up to and including11⁄4in.(31.8mm)in width.
foil—a term often applied to thin sheet or strip usually0.005 in.(0.13mm)or less in thickness.
herringbone—a series of long continuous waves running at various angles to the rolling direction.
high-conductivity copper—copper that in the annealed con-dition has a minimum electrical conductivity of100% IACS.
hot working—controlled mechanical operations for shaping
a
product at temperatures above the recrystallization tempera-ture.
inclusions—foreign particles which may or may not be en-closed in the copper foil.
ingot and ingot bar—refinery shapes used for remelting(not fabrication).Ingots normally range in weight from20to35 lb(9to16kg)and ingot bars from50to70lb(23to32kg). Both are usually notched to facilitate breaking into smaller pieces.
lengths—straight pieces of the product.
lengths,standard—uniform lengths recommended in a Sim-plified Practice Recommendation or established as a Com-mercial Standard.
longitudinal corrugation—a condition similar to dish except that the sense of curvature changes sign at least once across the width of the strip.
multiple—straight lengths of integral multiples of a base length,with suitable allowance for cutting,if and when specified.
nodules—small irregularly shaped imperfections in the elec-trolytic copper foil which do not cause the foil to fail the thickness tolerance.
order strengthening—a thermal treatment of a cold-worked product at a temperature below its recrystallization tempera-ture causing ordering to occur to obtain an increase in yield strength.
oxygen-free copper,extra-low phosphorus—oxygen-free copper containing0.001to0.005%phosphorus.The copper is not readily susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement,as determined in Specification B379.The copper in the an-nealed condition has a minimum conductivity of98.16% IACS.
oxygen-free copper,low phosphorus—oxygen-free copper containing0.005to0.12%phosphorus.The copper is not susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement,as determined in Specification B379.The copper in the annealed condition has a minimum conductivity of90%IACS.—deoxidized,phosphorus-arsenical copper —arsenical,tough-pitch copper
—silver-bearing copper
—sulfur-bearing copper
—deoxidized phosphorus-tellurium copper
—zirconium-bearing copper
—tellurium-bearing copper
N OTE2—Coppers listed contain the designated element or elements in amounts as agreed upon between the manufacturer or supplier and the purchaser.
oxygen-free electronic copper—high-purity,high-conductivity oxygen-free copper normally intended for elec-tronic applications.The copper has high resistance to hydro-gen embrittlement,as determined in S
editoriallypecification B170. The copper in the annealed condition has a minimum electrical conductivity of101%IACS. pinholes—small holes occurring as imperfections which pen-etrate entirely through the copper foil.
pipe nipple—a short length of pipe with male threads at both ends.
pipe,seamless—seamless tube conforming to the particular
dimensions commercially known as“standard pipe sizes.”pipe,threadless—a seamless copper tube of standard pipe outside diameters conforming to particular dimensions com-mercially known as threadless pipe(TP).
pits—small holes having jagged edges,occurring as imperfec-tions which do not penetrate entirely through the copper foil. plate—as in inch-pound specifications,a wroughtflat product over0.188-in.thick and over12-in.wide,in straight lengths or coils(rolls).
plate—as in SI specifications,a wroughtflat product over 5-mm thick and over300-mm wide,in straight lengths or coils(rolls).
portion size—the number of lengths of pipe to be used for a specific test.
precipitation heat treatment—a thermal treatment of a solu-tion heat-treated product to produce property changes such as hardening,strengthening,and conductivity increase by precipitation of constituents from the supersaturated solid solution.This treatment has also been called“age hardened”and“precipitation hardened.”
quench hardening—a treatment for copper-aluminum alloy products consisting of heating above the betatizing tempera-ture followed by quenching to produce a hard martensitic structure.
random—run of mill lengths without any indicated preferred length.
reel or spool—a cylindrical device that has a rim at each end and an axial hole for a shaft or spindle,and on which the product is wound to facilitate handling and shipping. residual stress—stresses that remain within a body as the result of plastic deformation or casting.
rod,for staybolts—a round solid section furnished in straight lengths.
rod,pistonfinish—a round rod having a special surface produced by turning or grinding to close tolerances for diameter and straightness.
rod,shafting—a round rod specially manufactured to the close straightness tolerances required for use
in shafting. roll—a length of the product25ft(7.62m)to50ft(15.24m) inclusive,spirally wound into a series of connected turns, with successive turns on top of one another. sample—thefinal form of a material submitted for chemical analysis(drillings,millings,and so forth)or a prepared test specimen to be used for mechanical testing.
scarfing—the removing offlash or bead by a cutting operation. sheet—as in inch-pound specifications,a rolledflat product up to and including0.188-in.thick and over24-in.wide,in straight lengths or coils(rolls).
sheet—as in SI specifications,a rolledflat product up to and including5-mm thick and over600-mm wide,in straight lengths or coils(rolls).
short plumbing(hospital)threads—a special modified form of the tapered pipe thread basically achieved by elimination of the imperfect threads.This thread is normally used only on chromium-plated nipples to ensure that a minimum of thread shall remain exposed after the nipple is threaded into afitting.
single layerflat—a coil in which the product is spirally
wound
into a single disk-like layer.(Sometimes called“pancake coil”or“single layer spirally wound coil.”) solderability—the capability of a metal to be wetted by solder. solution heat treatment—a thermal treatment of a product to put alloying elements into solution in the base metal by heating into the temperature range of solid solubility,fol-lowed by cooling at a sufficient rate to retain them in a supersaturated solid solution.
specific—straight lengths that are uniform in length,as speci-fied,and subject to established length tolerances.
specific with ends—specific lengths,including ends. spinodal heat treatment—a thermal treatment of a solution-heat-treated product to produce property changes such as hardening,strengthening,and conductivity increase by spin-odal decomposition of a solid solution.This treatment has also been called“age hardened,”“spinodal hardened,”or “spinodally decomposed.”
stagger wound—a coil in which the turns are positioned into layers approximately parallel to the axis of the coil,but not necessarily with thefixed regularity of a level or traverse wound coil.
standard—uniform lengths recommended in a simplified practice recommendation or established as a commercial standard.
stock with ends—stock lengths,including ends.
strain hardening—the increase in strength and hardness and decrease in ductility due to permanent deformation of the structure by cold working.
stress corrosion crack—spontaneous failure of metals by cracking under combined action of corrosion and stress, residual or applied.
stress relief—a treatment of a product to reduce residual stresses.
by mechanical treatment—without causing a significant change in size.
by thermal treatment—without causing recrystallization. strip—as in inch-pound specifications,a rolledflat product, other thanflat wire,up to and including0.188-in.thick,in straight lengths,coils(rolls),or traverse wound on reels or spools having either slit,sheared or slit and rolled edges in widths up to24-in.inclusive,or havingfinished drawn or rolled edges,in widths over11⁄12-in.inclusive. strip—as in SI specifications,a rolledflat product other than flat wire up to and including5-mm thick in straight length
s, coils(rolls),or traverse wound on reels or spools having either slit or sheared edges in widths up to600-mm inclusive,or havingfinished drawn or rolled edges,in widths over30-mm to300-mm inclusive.
temper—the metallurgical structure and properties of a prod-uct resulting from thermal or mechanical processing treat-ments.
temper annealing—a thermal treatment above the eutectoid temperature for copper-aluminum alloy products to mini-mize the presence of the stable eutectoid structure. tempering—a thermal treatment of a quench-hardened product to improve ductility.
thermal treatment—a controlled heating;time at maximum temperature-cooling cycle as needed to satisfy the property
and grain structure requirements of the temper. threadless pipe(TP)—seamless tube conforming to the par-ticular dimensions commercially known as“threadless pipe (TP).”
tough pitch copper—copper of any origin cast in the form of refinery shapes,containing a controlled amount of oxygen in the form of cuprous oxide.By extension the term is also applicable to fabricators’products made therefrom. treatment—a process that is applied to one or both sides of the c
opper foil to enhance the adhesion of the foil to the base substrate that shall not degrade the foil or the base substrate. tube,air conditioning—a seamless copper tube conforming to a standard series of sizes,and to specified internal cleanli-ness requirements normally furnished in straight lengths, with the ends capped or sealed.
tube,automotive and general service—a seamless copper tube of small diameter conforming to a standard series of sizes commercially known as automotive and general ser-vice tube.
tube,capillary—a tube of small inside diameter with an inside surface of highest quality and conforming to close-diameter tolerances.It is subject to special tests to ensure precision and uniformity of bore and is specially cleaned and packed. tube,condenser—see tube,heat exchanger.
tube,copper service—a bendable copper water tube for underground water service.
tube,copper water—a seamless copper tube conforming to the particular dimensions commercially known as copper water tube and designated as Types K,L,and M.
tube,ferrule—a tube from which metal rings or collars (ferrules)are made for use in installing condenser tubes. tube,heat exchanger—a tube manufactured to special re-quirements as to dimensional tolerances,finish,and temper for use in condensers and other heat exchangers.
tube,heat exchanger with integral enhanced surface—an external or internal surface,or both,modified by a cold forming operation,to produce an enhanced surface for improved heat transfer.The enhancement may take the form of longitudinal or helicalfins or ridges,or both,or modifi-cations thereto.
tube,heat exchanger with integralfins—a tube having a series of metallic ribs on the outside or inside surface either parallel to the longitudinal axis or circumferentially ex-tended from the tube to increase the effective surface area for heat transfer applications.Thefins may be mechanically applied,drawn,or integrally extended from the tube wall. tube,refrigeration service—a seamless copper tube conform-ing to a standard series of sizes,and to special internal cleanliness and dehydration requirements,normally fur-nished to soft temper coils and with ends capped or sealed. tube,seamless—a tube produced with a continuous periphery in all stages of the operations.
tube,seamless water—a tube conforming to the particular dimensions of tube commercially known as copper water tube and designated as Types K,L,and M in inch-pound units and Types A,B,and C in SI units.
tube,waveguide—a tube used as a transmission line to electronic
equipment.
tube,welded —tube made by processing strip into a tubular
shape and welding the edges to make a longitudinal seam.
tube,welded water —a tube conforming to the particular
dimensions of tube commercially known as copper water
tube and designated as Types WK,WL,and WM in
inch-pound units,and Types WA,WB,and WC in SI units.
unaided eye —visual inspection,without the use of special
equipment or enhancement excepting the use of corrective
lenses.
wavy edges (waves —edge wave)—a continuous pattern of
waves or wrinkles along the edges of the strip,with a
relatively flat center portion.
welded pipe —product made from sheet,strip,or plate with a
seam made by welding.welded tube —product made from sheet,strip,or plate with a seam made by welding.weld reinforcement —the portion of the welded joint which extends beyond the inner and outer surface of the base metal of the welded pipe.wetting —the formation of a relatively uniform,smooth,un-broken,and adherent film of solder to a base material.wire bar —refinery shape used for rolling into rod or flat product for subsequent processing into wire,strip,or shape.Approximately 31⁄2to 5in.(89to 127mm)square in cross section,usually 54in.(1.56m)in length,and ranging in weight from 200to 420lb (91to 191kg).Usually tapered on both ends.
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