引用文献的格式要求
(一)引用文献的基本格式
这里我们分两种情况来介绍引文的基本格式:第一种情况是把文献作者作为句子的一部分(通常作主语),我们把它叫做“格式1”;第二情况是把作者的姓放在括弧里,我们把它叫做“格式2”。在同一篇论文中,以上两种格式可以同时使用。
格式1
格式1的基本做法是,把作者的姓(Family name)作为句子的一部分(通常作主语),随后用括弧标出所引用文献的出版年代。比如:
Long (1991) argues that without this, outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.
如果文献有两个作者,则要将两个作者的姓都写出来,并用and连接(不能用&符号连接)。比如:
Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.
如果文献有三个或三个以上(六个以下)的作者,论文中第一次引用时必须把所有作者的姓都写出来,用逗号隔开,最后一个作者的姓用and连接。
Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992) presents a useful taxonomy of coherence relations.
在第二次及以后再引用该文献时,只需写出第一个作者的姓,再加上 et al.,比如:
Sanders et al. (1992) studied coherence relations based on four criteria.
如果文献有六个或六个以上的作者,论文中第一次引用时只需写出第一个作者的姓,再加上 et al.和年代。
使用格式1时,如有必要(如直接引用整句或句子的一部分),可以在年代后面再加上所文献的具体页码。出版年代与页码之间用冒号隔开。比如:
Messick (1989:20) presents what he calls a ‘progressive matrix’.
另外,页码也可以放在所引用文献的末尾,比如:
Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express the other form of interconnectedness – genealogical rather than ecological – and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life” (p. 14).
如果所引用的内容在原文献中跨页(直接引用时一般应该只跨两页),则要标出页码范围,比如:
Hu (1994:5~6) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality”.Hu (1994) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality” (pp. 5~6).
使用格式1中时,页码还可以用另外一种方法标出,即在年代之后不用冒号而用逗号,然后用p.(所引文献跨页时用pp.),再加页码,比如:
Messick (1989, p. 20) presents what he calls a ‘progressive matrix’.
Hu (1994, pp. 5~6) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality”.
注意,在同一篇论文中格式要统一。要么都采用冒号加页码的格式,要么都使用p./pp.的格式,不能交替使用。
在直接引用文献时,如所引用的内容较长(一般超过50单词),则应该另起一段,左右缩进。比如:
Lorenz (1999) voiced a very similar view that because in written communication, coherence cannot be explicitly negotiated face-to-face between text producer and text receiver,
“writers therefore have every reason for trying to be unequivocal and to make their ideas, intentions and arguments unmistakably clear. One way of doing this is to carefully signal logical relations and thereby ‘signpost’ the path to coherence for the reader. Consequently, when looking at the fabrication of coherence in written discourse, we need to pay special at
tention to those explicit signposts of coherence, i.e. the text’s cohesive ties” (p. 55).
格式2
格式2的基本做法是,把作者的姓、出版年代以及页码均放在括弧里,出版年代紧随作者的姓,之后是页码。比如:
This approach tends to assume an automatisation or practice view of learning (Bruton 2002).
The first criticism is that the text-based researchers choose to study the text itself for “methodological convenience” (Givón 1995:59).
使用格式editor的汉语2时,作者的姓与出版年代之间也可以用逗号隔开,比如
This approach tends to assume an automatisation or practice view of learning (Bruton, 2002).
The first criticism is that the text-based researchers choose to study the text itself for “meth
odological convenience” (Givón, 1995:59).
注意,在同一篇论文中,格式要统一,如果姓与年代之间用逗号,则都要用,不能有时用,有时不用。
使用格式2时,如果文献有两位作者,则必须把两位作者的姓都写出来,用&连接(不能用and),比如:
During the 1970s there were considerable moves within language teaching to embrace the communicative approach (Brumfit & Johnson 1979).
One validates not a test, but ‘a principle for making inferences’ (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955:297).
(二)转引的格式
所谓转引,是指论文作者并没有看到某个文献的原始出版物,而是在另外一个文献中看到的。比如Chapelle在其1998年的某个文献中引用了Shepard1993年发表的文章中的内容。
现在论文作者看到的是Chapelle的文献,而不是Shepard的原始文献。如果论文作者希望引用Shepard的话,则应该用下面的格式:
If construct validity is seen as an exhaustive process that can be accomplished over a 50-year period, test developers may be inclined to think that any validity information is good enough in the short run (Shepard 1993: 444, cited in Chapelle 1998).
上例中的cited in表示“转引自”。注意,学位论文中不能有过多的转引的内容(参见有关文献综述的要求)。
(三)如何引用论文集的文献
论文集是指各章节由不同作者撰写并由一位或几位作者编辑出版的著作。负责编辑出版的作者称为editor(s),封面和扉页一般会注明edited by,或在编辑者后面用括弧注明(Editor(s))。在论文集中,前言(Preface)、导论( Introduction)及每篇文章(或每章)都单独署名。引用论文集的内容时,要根据文献作者进行引用,不能用编辑者的姓名进行引用。
比如,M. A. Gernsbacher T. Givón1995年编辑出版了一本名为Coherence in Spontane
ous Text的论文集。其中有A. SanfordL. Moxey写的一篇文章Aspects of coherence in written language: a psychological perspective。如果要引用这篇文章的内容,则应该按以下格式:

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