Designation:F 2357–04
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Abrasion Resistance of Inks and Coatings on Membrane Switches Using the Norman Tool “RCA”Abrader 1,2
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2357;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e )indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1.Scope
1.1This test method describes the procedure for subjecting inks or coatings on membrane switches to an abrasive medium at a specified force.
editor evaluating revision1.2Within certain limitations,as described in this docu-ment,this test method is applicable for materials including,but not limited to:printed or coated polyester,polycarbonate,and silicone rubber.The samples can be either flat or contoured.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:3
F 2112Terminology for Membrane Switches
3.Terminology 3.1Definitions:
3.1.1final breakthrough —the number of cycles until com-plete removal of the first surface ink or coating being tested.3.1.2membrane switch —a momentary switching device in which at least one contact is on,or made of,a flexible substrate.
3.1.3wear limit —in testing membrane switches ,the number of cycles until an underlying layer of different color may be seen through the first layer (not applicable for transparent coatings).
4.Significance and Use
4.1Membrane Switch keys are subjected to repeated actua-tions,usually by a human finger.They are also subjected to other conditions (for example,wiping,cleaning,rubbing)during handling,end-use,shipment,or storage that may cause abrasion damage.The result may be a significant removal of the coatings,text or decorative inks.
4.2This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials.The main criterion is that the abrasion process produces visible wear or breakthrough in the surface being tested.
4.3The amount of abrasion damage to a surface is depen-dent on numerous variables.This test method provides a way of comparing relative abrasion resistance of inks and coatings.In no way do the results provide a correlation value of the number of human finger touches before coating failure.It only provides a means to compare results of tests performed using the same equipment,abrasive materials and loading conditions.4.4The test method can be used for quality control pur-poses,as a research and development tool,to evaluate material combinations for a given application,or for the com
parison of materials with relatively similar properties.
5.Interferences
5.1Inconsistent wear can occur which will compromise the results.Caution is necessary to ensure the mounting method does not deflect the specimen,which may influence the wear characteristics.
5.2Contoured surfaces can be tested but results may be more difficult to duplicate and some equipment is not designed to test non-flat surfaces.
5.3Whenever possible,a smooth surface is preferred.Extra care should be taken when evaluating a non-uniform surface (that is,rough surface),and for the user to recognize potential variations between specimens.
6.Apparatus
6.1Machine capable of providing cyclic or continuous abrasion to a test specimen under controlled loading condi-tions.
6.2Suggested Sources :
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F01on Electronics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F01.18on Membrane Switches.
Current edition approved March 1,2004.Published April 2004.2
The Norman Tool “RCA”Abrader is covered by a patent.Interested parties are invited to submit information regarding the identification of an alternative(s)to this patented item to the ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.3
For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
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6.2.1Norman Tool RCA Abrader.4
6.3Specimen Mounting Fixture or Holder ,a suitable device of sufficient strength and rigidity used to secure the specimen so that it is held rigidly and perpendicular to the load during testing.
6.4Abrasive Media ,commonly available from Norman Tool.
6.4.10.6875in.wide Paper ,most applications.
6.4.20.25in.wide Polyester Tape ,recommended for speci-mens with concave surfaces and fine graphic details.
7.Conditioning
7.1Abrasive Media and Specimen Conditioning —Unless otherwise agreed upon between purchaser and seller,condition the specimens for at least 24h at 2362°C (73.463.6°F)and 50610%relative humidity.
7.2Test Conditions —Conduct tests in the standard labora-tory atmosphere of 2362°C and 50610%relative humidity.8.Pre-Test Setup
8.1Mount the test specimen on the mounting fixture.This holding device should firmly hold the test specimen in a fixed position,without distortion,in a perpendicular position relative to the force probe.
8.2Cleaning of Specimen —Specimens shall be cleaned in such a way that the surface is free from grit,grease,fingerprints or other contaminates.
8.2.1Use a clean lint-free piece of absorbent material and either reagent grades of n -heptane or isopropyl alcohol.
8.2.2Lightly wipe the surface of the test area with a moistened piece of cleaning material.
8.2.3Allow the surface to air dry completely (minimum two hours).
8.2.4Inspect the test area to ensure no visual damage has been caused by the cleaning process.
8.3Inspect for residue and quality of ink or coating in area of test.
8.4Install specified abrasive material.
8.5Adjust applied force to specified value.
9.Procedure
9.1Align specimen targeted test point to the applied
force probe.
9.2Adjust force to be applied to 175g (or otherwise specified).
9.3Gently lower the abradant onto the specimen.9.4Start the abrasion process.
9.5Subject the test specimen to abrasion for the specified number of cycles;or until sought after visual change has been detected.Wear Limit is determined when an underlying layer of different color may be seen through the first layer (not applicable for transparent coatings).In determining the extent of wear,periodically interrupt the instrument at intervals for examination of the test specimen.Final Breakthrough,not wear,on a first surface printed line constitutes a failure regardless of size.
N OTE 1—Caution:When the test is stopped prior to achieving final end point,it is recommended the specimen not be moved.Doing so may present problems in aligning the wear path for additional testing.
9.6Periodically remove any loose abrading that remains on the test specimen,by light brushing or compressed air.10.Report
10.1Report the following information:
10.1.1Model number and description of Abrasion Tester used,
10.1.2Abrasive material,
10.1.3Force applied to specimen,
10.1.4Number of cycles to wear limit (not applicable for transparent coatings),
10.1.5Number of cycles to final breakthrough,10.1.6Temperature and humidity,
10.1.7Identity of specimen,describing the material or coating,
10.1.8Method of cleaning,if applicable,and
10.1.9Visual evaluation of test specimen and include pho-tos of target test area,if possible.
11.Precision and Bias
11.1Precision and bias have not been determined at this time,but will be developed by the subcommittee F01.18.12.Keywords
12.1abrasion;breakthrough;coatings;inks;membrane switch;Norman Tool;RCA;Taber;wear
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard.Users of this standard are expressly advised that determinati
on of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or (e-mail);or through the ASTM website ().
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Available from Norman Tool Co.,15415Old State Road,Evansville,IN 47725;812-867-3496.

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