清华大学2022年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
PartⅡVocabulary (10points)
Part A (5points)
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that best completes the sentence Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET．
1．And the topic“fat”is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays that one is losing the trim and______of youth．
A．vague B．vigor C．vogue D．vulgar 2．All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully______the risks and benefits．
A．valuing B．evaluating C．estimating D．weighing 3．Chinese often shake my hand and don't let go. They talk away contentedly, ______of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand．
A．oblivious B．patent C．obvious D．pernicious 4．The word“foolish”is too mild to describe your behavior, I would prefer the word______．
A．ideological B．idyllic C．idiotic D．idiomatic 5．Because of its excellence in quality, for the last two years, Audi car has Germany's Touring Car Championship．
A．conquered B．contested C．dominated D．determined 6．What we consider a luxury at one time frequently becomes a______, many families find that ownership of two cars is indispensable．
A．fashion B．necessity C．proclivity D．nuisance 7．The chief editor thought he took some liberties with the original in translation. So it was necessary that he make the______suggested．
A．alterations B．alternatives C．alternations D．altercations 8．Many well—educated people don't believe that______will endanger freedom of speech．A．censership B．censureship C．sensorship D．censorship 9．The______of“snake”is simply this: a legless reptile with a long, thin body．A．connotation B．denomination C．donation D．denotation 10．When the opposing player fouled John, John let his anger______his good sense and hit the boy back．
A．got the feel of B．got the hang of
C．got the better of D．got the worst of
Part B (5points)
Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET I．
11．Although this book claims to be a biography of George Washington, many of the incidents are imaginary．
A．fascinating B．factitious C．fastidious D．fictitious
12．The trade fair is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese auto industries and overseas auto industries．
A．promote B．protect C．preserve D．prolong
13．He was concerned only with mundane matters, especially the daily stock market quotations．
A．rational B．obscure C．worldly D．eminent
14．The earthquake that occurred in India this year was a major calamity in which a great many lives were lost．
A．casualty B．catastrophe C．catalogue D．crusade
15．The doctors were worried because the patient did not recuperate as rapidly as they had expected．
A．withdraw B．emerge C．recover D．uncover 16．The purchaser of this lorry is protected by the manufacturer's warranty that he will re place any defective part for five years or50,000miles．
A．prohibition B．insurance C．prophecy D．guarantee 17．The boy could not reconcile himself to the failure, he did not believe that was his lot．
A．submit B．commit C．transmit D．permit
18．In some cities of North China, the noise pollution is as pronounced as that in Tokyo．A．contemptuous B．contagious C．conspicuous D．contemplated 19．Trivial breaches of regulations we can pass over, but more serious ones will have to be investigated．
A．exceed B．wither C．overpass D．neglect
20．We were discussing the housing problem when a middle—aged man cut in and said, “There's no point in talking about impossibilities.”
A．intersect B．interject C．penetrate D．adulterate
PartⅢCloze (10points)
Directions:There are20blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET．
Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile21mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much22likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On23 hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to 24than in a comparable accident25on the roads．
Motorways have no26bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and27speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the70mph limit is28in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the30mpb limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps29ten metres between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups30vehicle stops for some reason, such as mechanical failure, driver error and so on, ha
ve become all 31familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How32of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred metres to brake to a stop3370mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete protection from the changing weather.
34wet the road, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, on they35at ridiculous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions36their journey comes to a conclusion. Perhaps one remedy37this motorway madness would be better driver education. At present, learner drivers are bared38motorways and are thus as far as this kind of driving is39 thrown in at the deep end. However, much more efficient policing is required,  40it is the duty of the police not only to enforce the law but also to protect the general public from its own foolishness．
21．A．for B．after C．to D．by
22．A．more B．far C．less D．lesser
23．A．another B．other C．one D．the other
24．A．come up B．occur C．be found D．arise
25．A．everywhere B．elsewhere C．anywhere D．somewhere 26．A．pointed B．steep C．vertic
al D．sharp
27．A．thus B．then C．so D．thereupon 28．A．yet B．even C．still D．subsequently 29．A．utterly B．simply C．barely D．purely
30．A．because B．since C．when D．for
31．A．too B．also C．unduly D．unreasonably 32．A．many B．much C．deeply D．profoundly 33．A．to B．from C．at D．for
34．A．Whatever B．However C．Whoever D．How
35．A．push B．rake C．till D．plough
36．A．unless B．before C．thus D．until
37．A．to B．for C．of D．on
38．A．from B．against C．away D．off
39．A．related B．considered C．concerned D．touched
40．A．but B．then C．them D．for
PartⅣReading Comprehension( 20points) Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET I．editor bar
Passage1
The next time the men were taken up onto the deck, Kunta made a point of looking at the man behind him in line, the one who lay beside him to the left when they were below. He was a Serere tribesman much older than Kunta, and his body, front and back, was creased with whip cuts, some of them so deep and festering that Kunta felt badly for having wished sometimes that he might strike the man in the darkness for moaning so steadily in his pain. Staring back at Kunta, the Serere's dark eyes were full of fury and defiance. A whip lashed out even as they stood looking at each other-this time at Kunta, spurring him to move ahead. Trying to roll away, Kunta was kicked heavily in his ribs. But somehow he and the gasping Wolof managed to stagger back up among the other men from their shelf who were shambling toward their dousing with buckets of seawater．
A moment later, the stinging saltiness of it was burning in Kunta's wounds, and his screams joined thos
e of others over the sound of the drum and the wheezing thing that had again begun
marking time for the chained men to jump and dance for the toubob. Kunta and the Wolof were so weak from their new beating that twice they stumbled, but whip blows and kicks sent them hopping clumsily up and down in their chains. So great was his fury that Kunta was barely aware of the women singing“Toubob fa!”And when he had finally been chained back down in his place in the dark hold, his heart throbbed with a lust to murder toubob．Every few days the eight naked toubob would again come into the stinking darkness and scrape their tubs full of the excrement that had accumulated on the shelves where the chained men lay. Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring bale fully in hatred, following the bobbing orange lights, listening to the toubod cursing and sometimes slipping and tailing into the slickness underfoot-so plentiful now,because of the increasing looseness of the men's bowels, that the filth had begun to drop off the edges of the shelves down into the aisleway．The last time they were on deck, Kunta had noticed a man limping on a badly infected leg. This time the man was kept up on deck when the rest were taken back below. A few days later, the women told the other prisoners in their singing that the man's leg had been cut off and that one of the women had been brought to tend him, but that the man had died that night and been thrown over the side.Starting then, when the toubob came to clean the shelves, they also dropped red-hot pieces of metal into pails of strong vineg
ar. The clouds of acrid steam left the hold smelling better, but soon it would again be overwhelmed by the choking stink. It was a smell that Kunta felt would never leave his lungs and skin．The steady murmuring that went on in the hold whenever the toubob were gone kept growing in volume and intensity as the men began to communicate better and better with one another. Words not understood were whispered from mouth to ear along the shelves until someone who knew more than one tongue would send back their meanings. In the process, all of the men along each shelf learned new words in tongues they had not spoken before. Sometimes men jerked upward, bumping their heads, in the double excitement of communicating with each other and the fact that it was being done without the toubob's knowledge. Muttering among themselves for hours, the men developed a deepening sense of intrigue and of brotherhood. Though they were of different villages and tribes, the feeling grew that they were not from different peoples or places．
41．The living conditions for the Blacks in the hold of the slave ship were______．A．adequate but primitive
B．inhumane and inadequate
C．humane but crowded
D．similar to the crew's quarters
42．The prisoners had difficulty communicating with each other because______．
A．they were too sick to talk
B．they distrusted one another
C．no one felt like talking
D．they spoke different languages
43．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to balefully as used in“Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring balefully in hatred”?______．
A．Indulgently B．Vacantly
C．Forlornly D．Menacingly
44．By constantly referring to such things as filth and choking stink, the author seeks
to create a tone that arouses a feeling of______．
A．disgust with the dirt
B．horror at the injustice
C．revolting at the foul odor
D．relief that this happened long ago
45．Despite their intense pain and suffering, the Black men found a small measure of comfort in______．
A．their exercise periods on deck
B．the breathtaking ocean scenery
C．their conversations with the Black women
D．their conversations with one another
Passage2
Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy's vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than100workers, now employ nearly60percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some1.2million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and1989will see an additional200,000entrepreneurs striking off on their own．Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24of every100businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and27more will have shut their doors four years from now. By1995, more than60of those100start-ups will have folded. A new study of3,000small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a busin
ess they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs．
Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm's health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enter-prise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save．
Frequent checks of your firm's vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth.  To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add

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