常用英汉新闻学词汇
  News Garhering and Writing    新闻采访与写作
Newspaper    报纸
Freedom of the Press    新闻自由
Reporters    记者
newsworthy events    有新闻价值的事件
describe    记述，描述
General-assignment reporters    普通记者
Expose    曝光
in-depth  reporting    深度报道
Enterprise story        深度报道
articles    文章
dictate stories    口述报道
up-to-the-minute news stories    最新报道
editor-in-chief (sometimes called an executive editor)    editorial英文总编辑（有时称执行编辑
Managing editors    责任编辑（主任编辑）
the day-to-day operations    夜以继日
Editors    编辑
Copy editors （check over reporters’ stories to ensure that they are understandable and free of errors.）编稿编辑（编阅稿件，确保读者可接收和杜绝差错）
Page editors （determine where stories will appear in the paper）版面编辑（确定稿件出现在版面）
Editorial page and opinion editors（ write editorials）主笔和评论编辑（撰写评论）
Graphic Artists and Photographers    美术编辑和摄影师
News judgment    新闻判断力
Leading question    诱导性提问
Background    briefing背景材料
Fair Comment    公正评论
Hard lead    硬导语
Soft lead    软导语
Suspense lead    悬念式导语
Shotgum lead    笼统导语（即伞状导语）
Umbrella lead    伞状导语
Negative lead    否定式导语
Non—news lead    非新闻式导语
Feature story    新闻特写
Voice reporter    口头报道
Spot news    最新消息
new journalism    新新闻主义
早期报纸的产生及来源
Before the invention of printing machines, people spread news by word of mouth, written letters, or public notices. As more people learned to read and write, news reports gained added reliability. Ancient Rome had a particularly sophisticated system for circulating written news. Its publishing practices centered on acta diurna (daily events), handwritten news sheets posted by the government in the public marketplace from the year 59 bc to at l
east ad 222. Acta diurna announced news of politics, trials, scandals, military campaigns, and executions. In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated among court officials during the Han dynasty (202 bc-ad 220). At some point during the Tang dynasty (618-907), the Chinese used carved wooden blocks to print tipao, making them the first printed newspapers in history.
印刷机出现之前，人们传播新闻靠的是口说，写信，或者公告。当更多的人学会了阅读和写作时，从新闻记者处可获得的消息则更多更可靠。古代罗马就有一个独特的流动辩论体系可供新闻的写作。它作为埃克塔度那（每日事件）的出版实际中心，从纪元前59年到纪元222年由权利政府在纸上用手写新闻方式通过公开市场进行传播。埃克塔度那通报政治消息，审判情况，丑闻，军事作战行动，以及死刑的执行。在中国，早期的政府制作新闻文书，这种文书被称为邸报，在汉王朝时期（公元前202——公元220 Before christs_Anno domini）在宫廷和官府间流通。许多证据表明在唐王朝时期（AD618——907），中国人已使用木雕版技术印刷邸报，这是历史上首次使用它们印刷报纸。
A printing press that employed movable type was developed in Europe in 1450, and Europ
ean officials soon began using it to publish news (see Printing). Short pamphlets, called news books, informed the public of royal weddings, victorious battles, or other newsworthy events. News ballads recounted news events in verse form. News books and news ballads were circulated sporadically in Europe and the American colonies, usually when officials wanted to inform the public of important events.
使用活字印刷技术始于公元1450年的欧洲，而且欧洲官方也不久开始使用活字印刷技术印刷报纸。短片小册子，被称为新闻书，用于皇家婚宴的消息，战事胜利，或者其他有报道价值的事件。新闻故事的流传使用韵文式的文体。新闻书和新闻故事在欧洲和美洲殖民地零星地流传，通常是官方根据事件的重要性进行发布。
THE FIRST NEWSPAPERS 第一份报纸
Newspapers published under the same name on a regular schedule first appeared in Venice, Italy, in the 16th century. Handwritten newspapers called avisi, or gazettes, appeared weekly as early as 1566. They reported news brought to Venice by traders, such as accounts of wars and politics in other parts of Italy and Europe. Venetian gazettes establ
ished a style of journalism that most early printed newspapers followed—short sets of news items written under the name of the city they came from and the date on which they were sent. The oldest surviving copies of European newspapers are of two weeklies published in German in 1609—one in Strassburg (now Strasbourg, France) by Johann Carolus, the other in Wolfenbüttel, Germany, by Lucas Schulte.
作为报纸名称的报纸的刊印，规范的时间应当是始于16世纪意大利的威尼斯。手写的报纸被称作阿维西avisi，或格赛特gazettes（报纸旧称），出现于1566年早期的周报。报道新闻而被商人带到威尼斯，内容如战争情况和帐目，以及意大利和欧洲其他国家的政治事件等。威尼斯人确定了早期格赛特的新闻标准和风格，并影响到了那一时期的其他的报纸——内容简短，报名与所在城市有关、与发行日期有关。最早保留下的欧洲报纸的拷贝是一份出版于1609年德国斯特拉斯堡（现在的斯特拉斯堡，法国）由约翰.卡洛拉斯出版，另外的一份是由德国沃尔夫斯堡的卢卡斯.舒特勒出版。
Newspapers spread rapidly throughout Europe. One-page weeklies appeared in Basel, Switzerland, by 1610; in Frankfurt, Germany, and Vienna, Austria, by 1615; in Hamburg, G
ermany, by 1616; in Berlin, Germany, by 1617; and in Amsterdam, Netherlands, by 1618. The first newspaper printed in England appeared in 1621, and France produced a newspaper in 1631. However, printers in Amsterdam, a center of trade and of political and religious tolerance in the early 17th century, exported weeklies in French and in English as early as 1620. The first continuously published English newspaper was the Weekly News, published from 1622 to 1641. Italy's first printed weekly appeared by 1639, and Spain had one by 1641.

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