高中英语语法(全英详解)

必修一
语法点一：Be+v.reporteding表将来 use the present continuous tense for future plans
In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive（动词原形）, and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans.
Ex. ① we are going to Mexico next Sunday.
② Are you coming to the cinema?
③ He is leaving for London in two hours.
④ We are spending next winter in Australia.
Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.
扩展：
What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s look at some more examples:
“I’m going to play football on Saturday”
You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.
“I’m playing football on Saturday”
You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Sat
urdays is a common activity for you.
语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语)
Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.
You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:
by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words.
Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask',
and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.
1、declarative sentence陈述句
①Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.
In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.
He said, “I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much.
②Change in tense: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.
③Change in demonstrative pronoun指示代词, temporal adverbial时间状语, adverbial of place地点状语 and verbs.
Ps：(1)if the direct speech indicates objective truth, then there is no change in tense when it’s converted to indirect speech.
Ex. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”
→He said that light travels much faster than sound.
(2) 如果在当地转述，here不必改成there，come不必改为go，如果在当天转述，yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
2、imperative sentence祈使句
Imperative sentences do not normally have an expressed subject. In order to change an imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. Note that instead of ‘said’ we use one of the following reporting verbs:
Ask, Tell, Advise, command, request, order, forbid, decree, propose etc.
If the imperative sentence is in negative form, then add ‘not’ in front of to-infinitive when convert the speech.

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