在以it 为形式主语的句型里，经常会遇到被动语态的例子。这样的句型一般可以译成两类情况：1、 直接译成无主句；2、或者加上不确定的主语“有人”，“大家”，“人们”，“我们”等。
一、直接译成无主句
It is hoped that…希望…
It is stated that…据称…
It is reported that… 据报道… 据说明…
It has been illustrated that…据图示…
It is said that…据说… 
It was described that…据介绍…
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that…可以毫不夸张的说… 
It is predicted that…据估计…
It may be safely said that…可以有把握地说… 
It has been proved that…已经证明…
It is supposed…据推测… 
It is expected that…可以预期…
It must be admitted that… 必须承认…
It is understood that…不用说…，很清楚…
It must be pointed out… 必须指出…
It is suggested that…有人建议…
It will be seen from this that…由此可见… 
It is demonstrated that…据证实…，已经证明…
reportedIt can be seen that…可见，可以看出… 
It is estimated that…据估计…
It is learned that… 据闻，据说…
It is claimed that…据称…
It has been found that… 已经发现…
It is preferred that…最好…
It is generally recognized that… 普遍认为…
It is decided that…已经决定…
It was noted above that… 前面已经指出…
It is arranged that…已经商定…，已做准备…
Ii is announced that… 据称…
It cannot be denied that…无可否认…
It has been calculated that… 据计算…
It is declared that…据宣称…
It is mentioned that… 据说…
It is hypothesized that…假设…，假定…
It is assumed that… 假设…，假定…
It has been reviewed that…讨论了…，检查了…
It was first intended that…最初就有这样的想法… 
It is outlined that…概括地说…
二、可加上泛指的主语
It is asserted that… 有人主张…
It generally agreed that…人们通常认为…
It is believed that… 有人相信…
It is reputed that…人们认为…
It is generally considered that… 大家认为…
It is noticed that…人们注意到…，有人指出…
It will be said that… 有人会说…
It is sometimes asked that…人们有时会问…
It was told that… 有人曾经说…
It is noted that…人们注意到…，有人指出…
It is found that…人们发现…
It has been objected that…人们认为… 有人反驳道…
It is considered that… 人们认为…
It has been shown that…据估计… 有人指出…
It was felt that…人们认为… 
It is hoped that…人们希望…
It is thought that… 有人认为…
It is pointed out that….有人指出…
It is universally accepted that… 人们普遍认为…
It is recommended that…有人推荐，建议…
It is taken that…人们认为
… 
It is stressed that…人们强调说…
It is regarded that… 人们认为…
It is proposed that…有人提出…
三、经典例题
1. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared，and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.（1992年）
[参考译文]
总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的其他孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而被扣分。
2. Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.（1994年）
[参考译文]
工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
3. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.（1996年）
[参考译文]
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
4. When that happens，it is not a mistake:it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.（1997年）
[参考译文]
这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应受到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲弄。
5. During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.（1999年）
[参考译文]
在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
6. However，it has been remarked that life is an almost continuous experience of having to draw concl
usions from insufficient evidence，and this is what we have to do when we make the trivial decisions as to whether or not to carry an umbrella when we leave home for work.
[参考译文]
然而，人们已注意到生活过程几乎是一个必须从不充分的证据中得出结论的连续历程，这就是我们对日常琐事做出决定时而不得不做的事情，譬如：当我们离家上班时，是否带雨伞就是这样。
7. Cars and lorries could be driven by electric motors if fuel_cells，which convert fuel into electricity without burning it，can be made more efficient.
[参考译文]
燃料电池可以将燃料不经燃烧直接转变为电能，如果燃料电池的效率可以提高一些，小汽车和卡车便可以靠电动机驱动。
8. In the immeasurable length of time sin
ce this form of behavior was acquired by the human race，language has always been the best integrated and most often used medium of cultural expression.
[参考译文]
在漫长的历史长河中，自从人类习惯了语言这种形式，它一直是最完整，最常用的文化交流媒介。
9. It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones，but scientists today believe that male hormones are only part of the explanation，and they say aggressiveness in boys is also caused by mothers.
[参考译文]
长期以来，人们一直认为，这种进取精神是雄性激素所致。不过现在科学家们相信雄性激素只是部分原因。他们说，男孩子的进取心也是他们的母亲所致。
10. The visual images are formed，in ways we do not understand，out of the signal or information reaching us from the environment.
[参考译文]
视觉影像是通过我们从外界环境中接受的信号与信息而形成的，而这一过程是我们无法理解的。
四、文章翻译练习
What is it that brings about such an intimate connection between language and thinking?Is there no thinking without the use of language，namely in concepts and concept combinations for which words need not necessarily come to mind?Has not every one of us struggled for words although the connection between“things”was already clear?
（61）We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete independence from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment.Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual，growing up under such conditions，would be very poor.Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language.This makes us realize to what extent the same language
means the same mentality.In this sense thinking and language are linked together.
What distinguishes the language of science from languages as we ordinarily understand the word?How is it that scientific language is international?
（62）What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration，let us take the language of Eucli
dean geometry and Algebra.They manipulate with a
small number of independently introduced concepts，respectively symbols，such as the integral number，the straight line，the point，as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts.This is the basis for the construction，respectively definition of all other statements and concepts.The connection between concepts and statements on the one hand and the sensory data on the other hand is
established through acts of counting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined.
（63）The super_national character of scientific concepts and sc
ientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times.In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries.Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned t o grasp general truths from particular
observations.
What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind?I do not think that this is the right way to put the question.Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind.Once these goals exist，the scientific method furnishes means to realize
them.Yet it cannot furnish the very goals.
（64）The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere，it would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding. Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem—in my opinion—to characterize our age.
（65）If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety，the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men，we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state.Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such goals，their superiority will prove itself in the long run.
[文章大意]
人的心理发展和他的概念的形成很大程度上依赖于语言。思维活动和语言息息相关。科学为之奋斗的目标就是使概念之间的相互关系以及与感性材料的一致性尽可能地准确与清楚。科学方法正是使人类达到预期目标的途径。时间能证明，使人类能享有安全与幸福并且自由地发展其才干的科学方法是不缺的。
（61） [参考译文] 如果有人不用语言作为周围世界的向导，便已经形成或能够形成他的概念，我们就可能认为，思维活动完全独立于语言之外了。
（62） [参考译文] 科学为之奋斗的目标，就是要使概念之间的相互关系以及与感性材料的一致性尽可能地准确与清楚。
（63）[参考译文] 科学概念和科学语言的超国界特性是由于各国最优秀的人才经历了不同时
期而被确立的。
（64） [参考译文] 科学方法本身不能导致任何结果。而且，只有充满激情地去努力寻确切的理解，科学方法才会产生。
（65）[参考译文] 如果我们真心实意而又满腔热情地希望整个人类能享有安全与幸福并且自
由地发展其才干，我们就不会缺少去达到这一境界的方法。

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