2014年专八
PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)
In this section there are four reading passages followed be a total of 20 multiple-choicequestions. Read the passages and then mark the best answer to each question on ANSWERSHEER TWO.
TEXT A
My class at Harvard Business School helps students understand what good managementtheory is and how it is built. In each session, we look at one company through the lenses ofdifferent theories, using them to explain how the company got into its situation and to examinewhat action will yield the needed results. On the last day of class, I asked my class to turnthose theoretical lenses on themselves to find answers to two questions: First, How can I besure I’ll be happy in my career? Second, how can I be sure my relationships with my spouseand my family will become an enduring source of happiness? Here are some managementtools that can be used to help you lead a purposeful life.
1. Use Your Resources Wisely. Your decisions about allocating your personal time, energy, andtalent shape your life’s strategy. I have a bunch of “businesses” that compete for theseresources:I’m trying to have a rewarding relationship with my wife, raise great kids, contribute to my community, succeed in my career, and contribute to my church. And Ihave exactly the same problem that a corporation does. I have a limited amount of time, energy and talent. How much do I devote to each of these pursuits?
Allocation choices can make your life turn out to very different from what youintended.Sometimes that’s good: opportunities that you have never planned for emerge. Butif you don’t invest your resources wisely, the outcome can be bad. As I think about people whoinadvertently invested in lives of hollow unhappiness, I can’t help believing that their troublesrelated right back to a short-term perspective.
When people with a high need for achievement have an extra half hour of time or an extraounce of energy, they’ll unconsciously allocate it to activities that yield the most tangibleaccomplishments. Our careers provide the most concrete evidence that we’re movingforward.You ship a product, finish a design, complete a presentation, close a sale teach aclass, publish a paper, get paid, get promoted. In contrast, investing time and energy in yourrelationships with your spouse and children typically doesn’t offer the same immediate senseof achievement. Kids misbehave every day. It’s really not until 20 years down the road thatyou can say, “Iresources翻译 raised a good son or a good daughter.” You can neglect your relationship withyour spouse and on a daily basis it doesn’t seem as if thing are deteriorating. People who aredriven to excel have this unconscious propensity to underinvest in their families andoverinvest in their careers, even though intimate and loving family relationships are the mostpowerful and enduring source of happiness.
If you study the root causes of business disasters, over and over you’ll find this predispositiontoward endeavors that offer immediate gratification. If you look at personal lives throughthat lens,you’ll see that same stunning and sobering pattern: people allocating fewer andfewer resources to the things they would have once said mattered most.
2. Create A Family Culture. It’s one thing to see into the foggy future with a acuity and chartthe course corrections a company must make. But it’s quite another to persuade employees toline up and work cooperatively to take the company in that new direction.
When there is little agreement, you have to use “power tools” – coercion, threats, punishments and so on, to secure cooperation. But if employee’s ways of working togethersucceed over and over, consensus begins to form. Ultimately, people don ‘t even think aboutwhether their way yields success. They embrace priorities and follow procedures by instinctand assumption rather than by explicit decision, which means that they’ve created aculture. Culture, in compelling but unspoken ways, dictates the proven, acceptable methodsby which member s of a group address recurrent problems. And culture defines the prioritygiven to different types of problems. It can be a powerful management tool.
I use this model to address the question, How can I be my family becomes an enduringsource of happiness? My students quickly see that the simplest way parents can elicitcooperation from children is to wield power tools. But there comes a point during the teenyears when power tools no longer work. At that point, parents start wishing they had begunworking with their children at a very young age to build a culture in which children instinctivelybehave respectfully toward one another, obey their parents, and choose the right thing to do. Families have cultures, just as companies do. Those cultures can be built consciously.
If you want your kids to have strong self-esteem and the confidence that they can solve hardproblems, those qualities won’t magically materialize in high school. You have to design theminto your family’s culture and you have think about this very early on. Like employees, childrenbuild self-esteem by doing things that are hard and learning what works.
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