非谓语动词的用法总结
                  李靖
非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能单独作谓语。但都具有动词的某些特点,可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动词短语。不定式表目的，表将来；动名词表主动,表进行；过去分词表被动，表完成。
一．作主语( 动名词、不定式、过去分词前面加being, 动名词做主语谓语动词用单数）
1）不定式、动名词都可做主语，但是动名词做主语多指抽象的概念性的动作，可以是多次的经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作。如：
Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。（泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。
2）用动名词做主语的句型:
It’s no use/no good/pleasure doing sth 做。。.。。。.没有用处/好处/乐趣
    It’s a waste of time doing sth 做。.。。 浪费时间
    It is worth doing sth 值得做某事
  It is no use crying over spilt milk.  覆水难收
It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的。
3)不定式做主语的句型.
It is + adj +for sb to do sth.
比较：表示人的品质时只能用of sb 如considerate/kind/nice/foolish/stupid/rude/cruel /wise/clever/brave/selfish/crazy/good/careful/careless/impolite/right/wrong等单词出现时。
It is silly of you to say so。
It is important for us to learn English well.
It is a must/ a necessity for us to have a good command of the English language.
  4) “Wh-  + to 不定式”可做主语。如：
      When to leave hasn’t been decided yet.什么时候动身还没定呢。
    Whether to drive or take the train is still a problem.是自驾车还是乘火车仍是一个问题。
5） 一般情况下，不定式和动名词作主语,谓语动词一般用单数形式.如：
Seeing is believing。= To see is to believe 眼见为实。
。      Planting flowers needs constant watering。
但and连接的多个动名词作主语,谓语动词大多用复数(如果前后动名词的语义一致,谓语一般用单数)。如：Lying and stealing are immoral. 说谎与盗窃是不道德的.
6) 动名词前面可以加上形容词性物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如：
-
—--— What made him angry？
-----— Mary's /My/His/Her /Their/ The boy's/ The president’s being late（made him angry。
7）过去分词不能单独做主语，前面必须加上being,构成动名词，做主语。如：
Being exposed to the sun is harmful to the skin.
      Being examined twice a year , whether it is a car， a bus or a truck， is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.
经典练习：
1.It's important for the figures_________ （update） regularly.
2.No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better ______(remain) silent.
3.It’s really stupid of you _______ (tell)him the news yesterday so it has been disturbing him all the time。
4.___________（understand）your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
5.__________（worry) about your grades doesn’t help。
6.The engine just won’t start. Something seems _____ （go) wrong with it.
参考答案：1. to update  2. to remain  3. to have told  4. understanding 5。 go
改错题：一个句子最多有一处错误
1。 It’s standard practice for a company like this one employ a security officer.
2. Hear how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
3。 Know basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
4。 Do well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university。
5。He told us whether have a picnic was still under discussion。
6.How prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.
参考答案：1. 在employ前加to  2。 Hear 改为Hearing  3. Know 改为 Knowing
4。 Do 改为Doing    5. have 前加to  6. prevent 前加to.
二。作定语
1）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需要有相应的介词，如：
  The Browns have a comfortable house to live in
2) 用不定式作定语的几种情况：
a. 不定式表将来如：The car to be bought is for his sister.
b。 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no， all, any，the only 等限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系， 如:
  He was the best man to do the job.
  She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games。
react to后面加什么c. 有些名词的同根词常跟不定式,因而它们也常跟不定式做定语，常见的有：promise, plan， attempt， offer， decision, refusal, failure， ability， chance， warning, anxiety， eagerness， willingness, readiness等
  I don’t trust his promise to come for a visit.
    He said he had no plan to go there.
    He made an attempt to stand up。
    Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds to stay away.
3) 前置定语：V+ing 可以表示正在进行，也可以表示特征；过去分词表示已经完成或状态请区别下面短语:
the boiling/ boiled water. 正沸腾的水(表正在进行)/白开水(表完成）
a good-looking flower. 一朵好看的花儿（表特征）
the developing countries/ the developed countries  发展中国家/发达国家
the falling leaves / the fallen leaves正在下落的叶子/落叶
the remaining money/ the money left 剩下的钱 
注意:英语中有些表示感觉的动词，其现在分词形式表示“令人感到…。.的"，过去分词形式表示“感到…。的”如：
an exciting voice 一个令人兴奋的声音    an excited voice  一个兴奋的声音
a puzzling expression  一个令人困惑的表情  a  puzzled expression 一个困惑的表情
4）区别下列后置定语的用法：
to be done 表示被动、将来;
done 表示被动、完成；
being done 表示被动、正在进行；
v+ing 表示主动；
动词的系表结构直接去掉动词be;
如果是不及物动词或者是感官系动词sound/taste/ feel/ smell/ look 和变化系动词就只有用V+ing形式。

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