题型四　语篇型语法填空
Cloze 1 　[2019全国I]
主题:对北极熊数量的关注与研究　词数:164　难度:★★★ 　建议时间:8分钟
高考真题
  The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence 　61　 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 　62　 (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000—25,000 polar bears worldwide. 
Modern methods 　63　 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 　64　 (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent year
s some Inuit people in Nunavut 　65　 (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 　66　(believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by 　67　 (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are 　68　 (high) than they actually are. Of 　69　 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 　70　 (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 
试题分析
▶素养解读
文章通过介绍科学家对北极熊数量变化的关注与研究,引导考生关注生态和自然,提高环境保护意识,深入思考人与自然的和谐相处之道。
庖丁解牛　
本题难点集中在同位语从句、非谓语动词等考点。
▶61题,要分析出这是一个复合句,"they Canada"是对空前evidence的具体内容的解释,根据同位语从句引导词的特点可知,此空填that。
▶64题,要熟练掌握及运用"主语+be动词+adj.+不定式" 结构,本题中Modern methods与第二个谓语相隔较远,如能识别出这个结构,就很容易填出to perform。
  【答案与解析】　本文是一篇说明文,主题语境涉及"人与自然"和"人与动物"。本文介绍了科学家对北极熊数量变化的关注与研究,引导考生关注生态平衡与环境保护。
61.that　考查名词性从句。本句含有一个同位语从句,解释了名词evidence"证据"的具体内容,空处在从句中不充当成分,也无意义,故本空填连词that。
62.poorly　考查副词。应用副词poorly"不好地,不足"修饰动词studied。
63.of/for　考查介词。名词method后接介词of/for,表示"……的方法"。
【知识拓展】　其他常见的表示 "方法"的名词的介词搭配
way 常与介词of 或动词不定式搭配,如:the way of learning English,the way to learn English;
approach 常与介词to搭配,如:the approach to dealing with this problem;means常与介词of搭配,如:an effective means of communication。
64.to perform　考查非谓语动词。此处属于"主语+be动词+adj.+不定式"结构,主语通常是不定式动作的承受者,不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
65.have reported　考查时态和主谓一致。句中的时间状语In recent years多与现在完成时连用,主语some Inuit people为复数意义,因此本空填have reported。
【技巧点拨】　现在完成时的其他标志性词语有:just, already, ever, never, yet, before, lately, recently, for a long time, up to now, so far, in the last few years/weeks/months等。在文中看到这些词语,通常应用现在完成时。
66.belief　考查名词。根据空前的a可知,此处leading to后应接名词作宾语,故本空填belief"信念"。
【知识拓展】　ve结尾的动词变名词时,常把ve变为f。如:relieve v.解除,减轻→relief n.宽慰,轻松; 解脱。
67.noting　考查非谓语动词。介词by后跟动词时应用其-ing形式作宾语,故本空填noting。
68.higher　考查比较级。根据空后的连词than可知,本句表示比较意义,因此本空应填higher。
69.the　考查冠词。Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations意为"在这19个已知的北极熊亚种当中",本空应填定冠词the,表示特指。
70.are　考查时态和主谓一致。本句中其他分句的谓语动词用了一般现在时,且空处所在分句的主语six表示复数意义,故本空应填are作该分句的谓语动词。
Cloze 2　[2018全国Ⅰ]
主题:跑步的益处　词数:173　难度:★★　建议时间:8分钟
高考真题
  According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years 　61　 (long) than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long 　62　 (see) the benefit. You
may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 　63　 (die) early by running. 
While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it 　64　 (be) more effective at lengthening life 　65　 walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 　66　 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 　67　 (cause). 
The best exercise is one that youreact to the recent enjoy and will do. But it’s probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 　68　 (strength) your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always 　69　(energy). If you are time-poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports,so perhaps we should all give 　70　 a try. 
试题分析
▶素养解读
本文主要介绍了跑步的益处,培养学生有效地陈述事件、传递信息以及表达个人观点和情感的能力,并引导学生积极运动,关注身心健康,进而形成积极向上的生活态度。
庖丁解牛
▶第62、63空提示词均为动词,首先判断两个设空处都填非谓语,然后根据语境判断非谓语的形式。第63空除了考查介词后用动词-ing外,还考查die的不规则变化。
▶第68、69空的提示词均为名词,首先判断空处在句中作什么成分,以此来确定空处所填词的词性,再根据构词法对词汇进行变形。
  【答案与解析】　本文是一篇说明文,介绍了跑步的益处。
61.longer　考查副词。句中有than,故用long的比较级longer。
62.to see　考查非谓语动词。本句有谓语,因此此处应用非谓语动词;分析句子结构及句意可知,此处应用动词不定式to see作目的状语。
63.dying　考查非谓语动词。短语reduce one’s 表示"降低某人……的风险", 介词of后
跟动词作宾语时要用其-ing形式。
64.is　考查时态和主谓一致。本文主体时态为一般现在时,本句中宾语从句也应用一般现在时;且宾语从句的主语为it,故用is。
65.than　考查介词。此处表示跑步比散步、骑行或游泳更能有效地延长生命。根据句中的more可知,此处应用介词than引出比较对象。故填than。
66.that/which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为a study,指物,且定语从句中缺少主语,故填关系代词that/which。
67.causes　考查名词。 此处cause是可数名词,意为"原因",句中的all表示"所有",其后应用可数名词的复数形式,故填causes。
68.strengthen　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处为动词不定式作目的状语,故本空应填动词strengthen,意为"增强,加强"。
69.energetic　考查形容词。and连接两个并列分句,and前面的cheap和easy均为形容词,故空处应用形容词energetic作表语,意为"需要能量的,剧烈的"。

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