高考英语科普阅读的方法与实例
  一、考点描述科普类文章是高考的常考题材，每年高考都有所涉及，如xx年的江苏卷在五篇阅读文章中就有两篇是科普文章的阅读。因此，们在平时的中一定要对此引起高度的重视。
  二、材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子构造复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。详细说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。2. 句子构造较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
  三、命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。
  四、应对策略1. 要想做好科普英语阅读理解题，同学们就要注意平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2. 要熟悉科普类文
章的构造特点。科普类文章一般由标题(Headlines)，导语(Introductions)，背景( Background)，主体(Main body)和结尾(Ends)五部分构成。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，但根据历年的高考真题情况来看，这类阅读理解材料一般不给标题，而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体那么对导语概括的事实进展详细表达。这一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时，同学们要把这部分作为重点。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相照应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3. 在进展推理判断时，同学们一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合根本的科普常识。
  五、真题赏析江苏卷Animals can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack, it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines(刺) that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.Some plants, such as the o
ak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material; eating such grasses wears down the animal’
react to的用法  毛虫多刺的) leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous venom (毒液). A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future.68. The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most animals.A. are not tall enough B. like the lower leaves onlyC. are not clever enough D. can get the lower leaves easily69. To defend themselves, oak trees use.A. chemoak treesical means B. physical meansC. bitter chemicals D. sandy materials70. How does tobao protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar?A. Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.B. Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.C. Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.D. Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.71. What would be the best title for this passage?A. Plants and Animals B. How Plants Defend ThemselvesC. Attacks and Defenses D. How Animals Eat Plant Leaves
  【答案与解析】本文主要介绍一些是如何通过物理和化学的方式保护自己不受外界侵害的。
68. D。事: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">2段最后一句…the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach可知答案。69. B。推理判断题。根据第3段中的…oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat可推知，又厚又硬的树叶属于植物自我保护的物理手段。70. C。推理判断题。根据第四段可知，tobao保护自己不受毛虫侵害的方法是产生更多的nicotine。71. B。主旨概括题。因为整篇文章都在讲植物是保护他们自己的，应选B。
  六、模拟训练 AWalk through the Amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy, warm, damp and thick. But if you had been around 15, 000 years ago, during the last ice age, would it have been the same? For more than 30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazon might have reacted (反响) to the cold, dry cli?mates of the ice ages, but until now, no one has reached a satisfying answer.Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmos?phere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tons of CO2 each year: equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change? If it gets drier, will it still survive and continue to dra
w down CO2? Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.Unfortunately, getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. To study past climate, scientists need to look at fossilized pollen, kept in lake muds. Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments(沉淀物) which requires specialized equipment and heavy machinery. There are very few roads and paths, or places to land helicopters and aero planes. Rivers tend to the easiest way to enter the forest, but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers ?pletely unsampled (未取样). So far, only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.
  1. The underlined phrase “mopping up” in the second paragraph means “”.
  A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving out
  2. How will the Amazon rainforest react to future climate change?
  A. It’ll get drier and continue to remove CO2.B. It’ll remain steamy, warm, damp and thick.
  C. It’ll get warmer and then colder and drier.D. There is no exact answer up to present.
  3. What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
  A. It’s important to drill deep down into lake sediments to collect information.
  B. It’s impossible to prove how climate changes in the Amazon rainforest.
  C. It’s hard to collect information for studies of the past climate in the Amazon rainforest.
  D. It’s necessary to have specialized equipment and machinery to study the past cli?mate.
  4. The best title for this passage may probably be .

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