反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等（中英文对照）
Anti-dumping, Subsidies, Safeguards,Contingencies, etc
反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等
英文来源：/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm8_e.htm
Binding tariffs, and applying them equally to all trading partners (most-favoured-nation treatment, or MFN) are key to the smooth flow of trade in goods.
约束关税及将其在全体贸易成员国之间平等地适用（即最惠国待遇，简称MFN）是保证商品交易过程畅通的关键。
The WTO agreementsuphold the principles, but they also allow exceptions — in some circumstances. Three of these issues are:
世贸协议秉持着这些原则，但有时也有例外。例如以下三种情况：
actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price)
1. 反倾销（以不公平的低价出售商品的行为）措施；
subsidies and special “countervailing” duties to offset the subsidies
1. 贸易补贴以及为抵消贸易补贴而征收的“反补贴”关税；
emergency measures to limit imports temporarily, designed to “safeguard” domestic industries.
 
1. 为暂时限制进口以“保护”国内产业而采取的紧急应对措施。
 
Anti-dumping actions
反倾销措施
If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping” the product.
如果某一公司以低于其在国内市场正常出售的价格出口某一产品，我们就称其“倾销”该产品。
Is this unfair competition? Opinions differ, but many governments take action against dumping in order to defend their domestic industries.
这是否为不公平竞争？各人意见不同。然而很多成员国政府采取措施抵制倾销以保护他们的国内产业。
The WTO agreement does not pass judgment.
世贸组织的协议并未给出明确的判断。
Its focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping — it disciplines anti-dumping actions, and it is often called the “Anti-Dumping Agreement”. (This focus only on the reaction to dumping contrasts with the approach of the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement.)
协议把重点放在了政府能否对倾销行为予以反击——它规范了反倾销的手段，并被通称为《反倾销协定》（此协定的重点在于对倾销行为的回击，与《补贴与反补贴措施协定》不同）。
The legal definitions are more precise, but broadly speaking the WTO agreement allows governments to act against dumping where there is genuine (“material”) injury to the competing domestic industry.
正规的定义要更为精确一些，但大体来说世贸组织协定允许各成员国政府在本国国内竞争产业受到真正（实质性物质层面）损害时采取措施反对倾销。
In order to do that the government has to be able to show that dumping is taking place, calculate the extent of dumping (how much lower the export price is compared to the exporter’s home market price), and show that the dumping is causing injury or threatening to do so.
为了能够做到这一点，成员国政府必须先证明倾销行为正在进行，并推算倾销的程度（即出口价格相比出口商在其本国国内的市场价低多少），还要证明该倾销行为已造成或有可能造成损害。
GATT (Article 6) allows countries to take action against dumping.
《关税与贸易总协定》（第六条）规定，成员国政府可以采取措施应对倾销。
 The Anti-Dumping Agreement clarifies and expands Article 6, and the two operate together.
《反倾销协定》阐明并延伸了关贸协定第六条规定，且两者可同时适用。
They allow countries to act in a way that would normally break the GATT principles of bindinga tariff and not discriminatingbetween trading partners
成员国政府可以采取某种在通常情况下可能违反《关贸总协定》关于绑定关税和禁止歧视等原则的反对倾销方式。
 — typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the “normal value” or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.
——反倾销措施无非就是对某一特定国家的某种出口产品征收额外的进口关税以达到使其出口价格更接近其“正常价值”或者消除其对进口国国内产业损害的目的。
react to中文There are many different ways of calculating whether a particular product is being dumped heavily or only lightly.
推算某种产品倾销程度的大小有很多不同的方式。
The agreement narrows down the range of possible options. It provides three methods to calculate a product’s “normal value”.
协定缩小了可供选择途径的范围，并提供了三种方式来估算产品的“正常价值”。
The main one is based on the price in the exporter’s domestic market.
主要的一种是依据出口国国内的市场价格。
When this cannot be used, two alternatives are available — the price charged by the exporter in another country, or a calculation based on the combination of the exporter’s production costs, other expenses and normal profit margins.
如果这种方法不适用，还可以有另外两种可供替代的方式——依据该产品在第三国的出口价或者依据出口商的生产成本、其他费用和正常利润额相结合所构成的估算价格。
And the agreement also specifies how a fair comparison can be made between the export price and what would be a normal price.
协定还详细说明了如何对进口价和可能的正常价格做公平的比较。
Calculating the extent of dumping on a product is not enough.
推算某种产品的倾销程度还远不止如此。
Anti-dumping measures can only be applied if the dumping is hurting the industry in the importing country.
反倾销措施只能在倾销行为对进口国国内产业造成了损害的前提下才可以适用。
Therefore, a detailed investigation has to be conducted according to specified rules first.
因此，首先必须依照规则进行详细的调查。
The investigation must evaluate all relevant economic factors that have a bearing on the state of the industry in question.
该调查必须对与被调查产业有关联的所有相关经济因素进行评估。
If the investigation shows dumping is taking place and domestic industry is being hurt, the exporting company can undertake to raise its price to an agreed level in order to avoid anti-dumping import duty.
如果调查显示倾销行为正在进行且被倾销国国内产业受到损害，则出口国可以通过提高价格到一定程度来避免反倾销进口关税。
Detailed procedures are set out on how anti-dumping cases are to be initiated, how the investigations are to be conducted, and the conditions for ensuring that all interested parties are given an opportunity to present evidence.
协定对于如何提起反倾销诉讼、调查如何进行以及保证所有的利益方都有机会提供证据的程序都设定了详细的规定。
Anti-dumping measures must expire five years after the date of imposition, unless an investigation shows that ending the measure would lead to injury.
反倾销措施自强制执行之日起五年期满，除非调查显示终止这一措施会导致损害性后果。
Anti-dumping investigations are to end immediately in cases where the authorities determine that the margin of dumping is insignificantly small (defined as less than 2% of the export price of the product).
如果权威机构认定倾销额度微不足道（即根据规定低于商品出口价的2%），则反倾销调查须立即终止。
Other conditions are also set.
该协定对其他的情况也有所规定。
For example, the investigations also have to end if the volume of dumped imports is negligible (i.e. if the volume from one country is less than 3% of total imports of that product — although investigations can proceed if several countries, each supplying less than 3% of the imports, together account for 7% or more of total imports).
例如，如果进口商品的倾销量很小（即低于该产品总进口量的3%），调查也必须终止, 但如果倾销量在3%以内的几个国家同时向进口国进行倾销，其倾销总量达到7%，则该调查将被准予进行。The agreement says member countries must inform the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices about all preliminary and final anti-dumping actions, promptly and in detail.
协定还规定，成员国必须即时详细地向反倾销措施委员会报告其采取的初步和最终反倾销措施。
They must also report on all investigations twice a year.
成员国还须一年两次报告所有调查的结果。
When differences arise, members are encouraged to consult each other. They can also use the WTO’s dispute settlement procedure.
当意见产生分歧的时候，成员国之间可以互相协商，同时也可以采用世贸组织的争端解决程序。

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