C h a p t e r5
S t r e s s
S t r e s s d e f i n e d
●Stress = negative emotional experience accompanied by biochemical, cognitive, &
behavior changes
– Attempt to alter stressful event
– Accommodate to its effects
T h r e e V i e w s o f S t r e s s
●Focus on the environment: stress as a stimulus (stressors)
●Reaction to stress: stress as a response (distress)
●Relationship between person and the environment: stress as an interaction (coping) S o u r c e s o f S t r e s s
W h a t i s s t r e s s o r
●Stressor = stressful event, conditions producing stress
T y p e s o f S t r e s s o r s
p e r s o n-e n v i r o n m e n t f i t
●Stress as a function of person-environment fit
●Adequate to deal with a difficult situation
●Sufficient to deal with the event but with great difficulty
●Not able to meet a stressor
T h e S t r e s s R e s p o n s e i s t h e B o d y’s911S y s t e m
T h e o r y o f s t r e s s
C a n n o n’s f i g h t o r f l i g h t r e s p o n s e
A response to threat in which the body is rapidly aroused and motivated via the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system to flee or attack a threatening stimulus; the response was first described by Walter Cannon in 1932.
●Walter Cannon 1932
●Stages
– Threat
– Physical arousal (sympathetic nervous system & endocrine system)
– Attack or flee
●Functions
– Adaptive: mobilizes response to danger
– Maladaptive: disrupts emotion and
physiological function
S e l y e’s G e n e r a l A d a p t a t i o n S y n d r o m e
Developed by Hans Selye, a profile of how organisms respond to stress; the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by three phases: a nonspecific mobilization phase that promotes sympathetic nervous system activity; a resistance phase, during which the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat; and an exhaustion phase, which occurs if the organism fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources.
●1956,1976
●3 stages:–
– Alarm
– Resistance
– Exhaustion
●General Adaptation Syndrome (Hans Selye)
– Alarm: Fight or flight
– Resistance: maintain a moderate level of arousal.  Vulnerable to secondary
stressors
– Exhaustion: exceed limits of body
●加拿大病理生理学家塞里（Hans Selye）提出应激概念
react to stress的中文翻译●General adaptation syndrome, or GAS, is a term used to describe the body's short-term
and long-term reactions to stress.
应激过程的三个阶段：
警戒反应阶段、抵抗阶段和疲惫阶段
●警戒反应是应激反应的最初阶段，是由应激源的刺激引起的，并伴随着一系列生
理和心理方面的变化。
●在抵抗阶段，全身的各组织器官将全部动员起来，应付当前的应激状态。
●疲惫阶段的主要特征就是生理和心理上疲惫。
Hans Selye (pronounced Sel-yeay) is regarded as the father of the modern concept of stress. He first popularised the word. He spent most of his life in laboratory and clinical research into the physical aspects of resistance and adaptation to demands. His life's work began when as an Austro-Hungarian medical student in the 1920's he noticed some striking similarities in his patients as they experienced a variety of illnesses. This set him off on a lifelong quest to discover the common physiological processes involved in "just being sick."
Selye found that our bodies react to stress - like the stress of being ill - with a recognisable pattern of responses. There can be up to three phases that our resistance levels go through when we are exposed to a stressor. The first is the alarm phase. The body's resistance to physical damage drops for a short-time. This is so our bodies can prepare to cope with the
stressor by using up available energy and normally protective stress hormones. Temporarily some of our defences against physical damage drop so that our blood pressure increases, blood-sugar rises, muscle tension increases, we breathe faster and deeper and we get a surge of adrenaline-like substances to give us extra physical capabilities should we need them. If the stressor no longer exists
the body returns to its normal level of resistance. However if the stressor persists, (we can't fight or flee from it or - and this goes beyond his original thinking - we are unable to apply counteracting psychosocial resources) our level of resistance increases beyond normal, relaxed levels.  Our bodies start to run in higher gear. High levels of stress hormones continue to help us cope with the stressor. This is appropriately called the resistance phase.  If there is no relief the body can continue for days, weeks, even years until either the stressor is suddenly removed or because it is very energy-consuming our body collapses often with more dangerous and extreme physical reactions. They are  the same  as  in the alarm  phase only  more intense and more relentless. It is here in this third or exhaustion phase that our health suffers or even death can occur. Our level of resistance to physical disorder, disease and psychological pressure is at its lowest. It is characterised by feelings of lethargy - an absence of energy and bodily resources to cope. The most likely physical and psychological signs and symptoms are the constitutional weak links discoverable in our personal histories and genetic inheritances.
C r i t i c i s m s o f C a n n o n’s F i g h t/F l i g h t a n d G A S
●both ignores psychological factors
– e.g., appraisal, personality
●Assumes all stressors produce same response
●Response only occurs AFTER stressor
– e.g., no anticipatory response
T e n d-a n d-b e f r i e n d
●One of the most basic behavioral differences between men and women is how they
respond to stress.
●UCLA researchers (Shelley E. Taylor, et al., 2000) found that men often react to stress
with a "fight-or-flight" response, but women are more likely to manage their stress with a "tend-and-befriend" response.
F e m a l e s r e s p o n d t o s t r e s s f u l c o n d i t i o n s
●by protecting and nurturing their young (the "tend" response)
●by seeking social contact and support from others – especially other females (the
"befriend" response).
P s y c h o l o g i c a l S t r e s s
●Lazarus and Folkman (1984)
●define psychological stress as “a particular relationship between the person and the
environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well being.”
C o g n i t i v e M o d e l o f S t r e s s
●Potential stressor (external event)
●Primary appraisal – is this event positive, neutral or negative; and if negative, how
bad?
●Secondary appraisal – do I have resources or skills to handle event?
●If No, then distress.
T h e e x p e r i e n c e o f s t r e s s
p r i m a r y a p p r a i s a l
●Primary appraisal – Is there a potential threat?
●Outcome – Is it irrelevant, good, or stressful?
●If stressful, evaluate further:
– Harm-loss – amount of damage already caused.
– Threat – expectation for future harm.
– Challenge – opportunity to achieve growth, etc
P r i m a r y a p p r a i s a l
●To determine the meaning of the event
●Positive
●Neutral
●negative
●初级评估（primary appraisal）
– 评估压力来源的严重性。
– 人会在潜意识中思考“ 发生了什么事？” 、“ 这件事对我而言是严重的、好的、坏的还是无关紧要的？” 。
– 此时的评估结果如果是“ 重要的” ，并非“ 无关紧要的” ，人就会继续展开第二阶段的评估。
、S e c o n d a r y a p p r a i s a l
●Secondary appraisal is the assessment of one’s coping abilities and resources and
whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat, and challenge of the event.
●Secondary appraisal
– Do I have the resources to deal effectively with this challenge or stressor?
a p p r a i s a l p r o c e s s
●次级评估（secondry appraisal）
●初级评估后，对自己控制状况或处理伤害、威胁、挑战的能力形成了自我印象。
– 此时会思考三个问题
– 什么样的选择最可行？
– 我可以用哪些策略来减轻压力？
– 有效吗？
●重新评估（reappraisal）
– 当得到有用的新信息时，评估总是能够改变。
– 重新评估不一定每次都会减少压力，有时也会增加压力。
L e a r n e d H e l p l e s s n e s s–S e l i g m a n,P e t e r s o n,e t a l.
A response to helplessness in which an individual not only learns to cease responding in an environme
nt in which helplessness was initially experienced but also ceases to respond in new environments in which adaptive responses are possible.

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