7.10Air Pollution
A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations nations . .
Automobiles,trains, planes, and buses need energy, too. Nearly all of this energy is produced in the way- by burning fuels. The burning produces wastes. Some of wastes get into the air,causing air pollution.
我们需要大量的能量来运行工业设备,汽车,我们需要大量的能量来运行工业设备,汽车,火车,火车,火车,飞机和公交车也需要能量。几乎所有的飞机和公交车也需要能量。几乎所有的能量都是通过燃烧种方式获得的。然而,能量都是通过燃烧种方式获得的。然而,燃烧会产生废气,一些废气进入大气,造成空气污燃烧会产生废气,一些废气进入大气,造成空气污
染。
Government Government officials officials officials in in in the the United United states states states estimate estimate estimate that that that 200 200 200 000 000 000 000 000 000 tons tons tons of of of these these these wastes wastes
enter the air each year --1 ton for each person in the country.
美国政府工作人员估计每年有2亿吨废气进入大气中,相当于每个美国人1吨
A curtain of smog often hangs over big cities. It irritates the eyes and chests.The word ‘smog smog’’
is is a a a combination combination combination of of of the the the words words words ‘‘smoke smoke’’and and ‘‘fog fog’’,but ,but ‘‘smog smog’’itself itself is is is a a a mixture mixture mixture of of of many many many more more ingredients.It ingredients.It begins begins begins with with with some some some of of of the the the pollution pollution pollution from from from burning burning burning : : : carbon carbon carbon monoxide,and monoxide,and monoxide,and oxides of oxides of
react to翻译nitrogen and sulfur are among them. Some of the pollutants react with one another to form new irritating irritating substances. substances. substances. Energy Energy Energy is is is needed needed needed for for for the the the reactions,and reactions,and reactions,and it it it is is is supplied supplied supplied by by by the the the light light light of of of the the sun .The resulting mixture is photochemical smog.It can be deadly. 大城市上空经常会悬浮一定量的烟雾,它刺激人的眼睛和胸腔。烟雾这个单词是由烟和
雾这两个单词组合而来的。烟雾本身是由许多成分混合成的。燃烧产生很多污染物,例如,一氧化碳,一氧化碳,氮氧化合物,氮氧化合物,氮氧化合物,硫化物。它们相互之间发生反应产生新的刺激性物质。这些反应的硫化物。它们相互之间发生反应产生新的刺激性物质。这些反应的
能量由太阳能提供。混合产生致命的光化学烟雾。
In In London London London ,Tokyo ,Tokyo ,New New Y ork Y ork and and and others others others cities, cities, cities, a a a weather weather weather condition condition condition called called called a a a temperature temperature
inversion allows smog to hang over the city for several days at a time .Many people become ill , and the death rate among elderly people and people with lung disorders climbs rapidly.
在伦敦,东京,纽约和其他一些城市有一种被称为温度逆转的现象,纽约和其他一些城市有一种被称为温度逆转的现象,它能够使烟雾在城市上它能够使烟雾在城市上
空悬浮多天。很多人因此得病,老人和肺病患者的死亡率迅速上升。
At least half of the pollutants in the air come from the engines of motor vehicles.As they burn fuel ,they give off carbon monoxide as a waste . Carbon monoxide is a colorless ,odorless gas
,and a a deadly deadly deadly poison .The poison .The amount amount of of of carbon carbon carbon monoxide monoxide monoxide that that that an an an engine engine engine gives gives gives off off off can can can be be be reduced reduced reduced by by special devices designed to make the engine burn the fuel more efficiently .
空气中的污染物至少有一半来自汽车发动机。当它们燃烧燃料时排放的废气中含有一氧
化碳,一种无,无味的致命毒气。无味的致命毒气。我们可以通过提高发动机的燃烧效率来减少发动机一氧我们可以通过提高发动机的燃烧效率来减少发动机一氧
化碳的排放量。
Automobile Automobile manufacturers manufacturers manufacturers are are are working working working on on on experimental experimental experimental cars cars cars run run run by by by electricity electricity electricity or or or other other
means that will reduce pollution .City governments in various parts of the world have begun to close certain streets to automobile traffic , hoping to lower pollution levels . Many city planners believe that cities ,or at least their central areas ,should be kept free of automobiles.
汽车制造厂商正致力于研究出用电或其他方式驱动的汽车,来减少污染。世界各地的城
市政府开始关闭一些特定的街道,市政府开始关闭一些特定的街道,禁止车辆通行,禁止车辆通行,希望借此能够降低污染水平。希望借此能够降低污染水平。许多城市规许多城市规
划者认为城市,或者至少市中心应该没有车辆通行。
Motor vehicles are not the only air polluters . Coal and oil , used to heat homes and factories and and generate generate generate electricity electricity electricity , , , contain contain contain small small small amounts amounts amounts of of of sulfur .When sulfur .When the the fuels fuels fuels are are are burned burned burned , , , sulfur sulfur dioxide ,a poisonous gas , is produced 。It is irritating to the lungs .Some cities have passed laws that allow coal and oil to be burned only if their sulfur content is low.
马达交通工具不是唯一的污染源,用来向房屋,工厂供热或者用来发电的煤炭和石油,
都含有一定量的硫。当这些燃料燃烧时会产生有毒气体硫氧化物。当这些燃料燃烧时会产生有毒气体硫氧化物。它将刺激肺部。它将刺激肺部。它将刺激肺部。一些城市一些城市
已经通过了法律,规定只有煤和石油的硫含量低于一定的值时才允许燃烧。已经通过了法律,规定只有
煤和石油的硫含量低于一定的值时才允许燃烧。
Most electricity is generated by steam turbines . About half of the sulfur dioxide in the air comes from burning fuel to make steam .Nuclear power plants do not burn fuel , so there is no air pollution of the ordinary kind .But the radioactive materials in these plants could present a danger in an accident . Also ,there is a problem in disposing of the radioactive wastes in a way that will not endanger the environment .
大部分电能是由汽轮机产生的。空气中大约二分之一的硫氧化物是在燃料燃烧产生蒸汽
的过程中产生的。核能工厂不需要燃烧燃料,因此,在通常意义上不会造成空气污染。但是,在一些意外事故中,这些工厂中的放射性物质将带来危险。这些工厂中的放射性物质将带来危险。所以,所以,如何用一个不污染环境的
方法处理这些放射性物质也是一个问题。方法处理这些放射性物质也是一个问题。
Another type of pollution ,called thermal pollution ,is caused by both the fuel-burning and nuclear nuclear plants plants plants .Both .Both .Both need need need huge huge huge amounts amounts amounts of of of cold cold cold water water water ,which ,which ,which is is is warmed warmed warmed as as as it it it cools cools cools the the
steam.When it is returned to the river ,the warm water may stimulate the growth of weeds . It may also kill fish and their eggs ,or interfere with their growth .
另一种污染,被称为热污染,它由热电厂,核电厂产生。另一种污染,被称为热污染,它由热电厂,核电厂产生。大量的冷水会在冷却蒸汽的过大量的冷水会在冷却蒸汽的过程中被加热。当这些水被排回河流中时,当这些水被排回河流中时,这些热水会刺激水草的生长,这些热水会刺激水草的生长,这些热水会刺激水草的生长,也可能会杀死鱼和鱼也可能会杀死鱼和鱼
卵或者干扰它们的生长。卵或者干扰它们的生长。
Physicists are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be less damaging to the environment .In the meantime ,many power plants are being modernized to give off less polluting material .Also engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damage to the environment
.物理学家正在研究一种新的对环境污染小的发电方式。与此同时,很多能源工厂正在
进行现代化的改革来减少污染物的排放。工程师们也试图设计新的能源工长并选择合适的厂
址,使其对环境的伤害达到最小。址,使其对环境的伤害达到最小。
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