Chapter four  A comparative study of Nida’s theory and Jin Di’s theory
Jin Di, on the basis of Nida’s theory, he formulated his own theory of “equivalent effect”.
4.1 Jin Di’s Translation Theory
  Jin Di is renowned for his translation theory of “equivalent effect” and his Chinese version of Ulysses.
4.1.1 A survey of Jin’s translation activity and translation study
  In his work In Search of the Principle of Equivalent Effect (1989), he put forward his own theory of “equivalent effect”.
4.1.2 Jin’s view on translation before his reception of Nida’s theory
  The gist of his argument was that “translating must meet the requirements of accuracy and smoothness.”
  “Accuracy” meant the content of the translated text should be consistent with that of the original text.
  “Smoothness” meant the language of the translated text should conform to the convention of the target language.
Accuracy and smoothness in translation were two sides of a coin, and one could not be separated from another.
What distinguished Jin from others was that he strongly objected to then the popular idea that “faithfulness should be given priority over smoothness when one of them has to be sacrificed”.
Jin mentioned more than once the close relationship between translation accuracy and target readers. He wrote:
  A translation should be smooth and natural so that target readers do not feel big gaps between the two languages concerned. Accuracy and smoothness as a translation standar
d are like two sides of a coin, one cannot be separated from the other. If the reader cannot understand the so-called “accurate” translation and do not know what it means, there is of little significance for such “accuracy”. If the translator only pays attention to smoothness in his work, but ignores the consistency between the original text and the translated text, his translation is not legitimate.
4.1.3 Jin’s theory of equivalent effect and its relationship with Nida’s theory
    In On Translation: with special reference to Chinese and English, Jin basically adopted Nida’s “dynamic equivalence”, which was defined in terms of a dynamic relationship, namely, “the relationship of target language receptors to the target language text should be roughly equivalent to the relationship between the original receptors and the original text”.
    The book mentioned above was acclaimed as “a masterpiece of combination of Nida’s translation theory with Chinese translation with Chinese translation practice”.
    Jin argued that Nida’s theory was intended to guide Bible translation for evangelism, and
the ultimate purpose of Bible translating was to make receptors “response to the translated message in action”. Thus, according to Jin, the concept of “response” in Nida’s theory was not suitable for a theory of general translation. Jin explained:
    Although receptors’ response could be used as an important feedback to evaluate how the receptors understand and appreciate the translation to some extent, and the translator could test the quality of his translation according to receptor’s response, such activity occurs only after the translation is completed. Since each receptor’s response and reaction involve a number of subjective and objective personal factors, it is necessary for us to explore these factors in our study of translation process. Hence, in our discussion the term “effect” refers to the impact of the translated message upon the receptors instead of the receptors’ response. (This was the reason why Jin modified Nida’s “dynamic equivalence”, and put forward his own theory of “equivalent effect”.
等效定义(方式一): the objective of an equivalent effect translation is that although the form of a translated text may be different from that of the original text, the receptor-language rea
der can obtain a message as substantially the same as the source-language reader does from the original, including main spirit, concrete facts and artistic imagery.
分析reaction to a book or an article: in Jin’s view, only when the three essential factors (“main spirit, “concrete facts” and “artistic imagery”) of the original were successfully reproduced in the receptor language could a translation be termed as a translation of equivalent effect.
  In short, the delimitation of the concept of “effect” as “impact” instead of “response”, and the emphasis on the reproduction of the three factors constitute Jin’s theory of “equivalent effect”.
  In his article, “Translating Spirit”, he borrowed two characters from Yan Fu’s three-character translation principle and advanced his theory of “faithfulness, expressiveness and spirit” (信，达，神韵). The term “spirit” in Jin’s theory was used in a broad sense, indicating various artistic styles of literary works.
等效定义（方式二）：the three-character principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness and spi
rit” indicated that faithful representation of the fundamental facts, transference of effect and reproduction of artistic style respectively.

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