化学专业英语
一、无机化学
1. periodic table 元素周期表
element 元素metal 金属nonmetal 非金属transition metal 过渡金属group / family 族alkali metal 碱金属
alkaline earth metal 碱土金属
chalcogen 氮族元素
halogen 卤素
noble gas 稀有气体
period 周期lanthanide 镧系元素
actinide 锕系元素
block 区s-block s区(H、He、碱金属、碱土金属)
p-block p区(IIIA~VIIA族、稀有气体(He除外))
d-block d区(过渡金属)
f-block f区(镧系元素、锕系元素)
2. electron configuration 电子排布,电子构型
electron shell 电子层shell (电子)层subshell (电子)亚层
atomic orbital 原子轨道structure 结构
molecule 分子molecular 分子的atom 原子
atomic nucleus 原子核electron 电子electron cloud 电子云
ion 离子anion /ˈæn.aɪ.ən/ 阴离子cation /ˈkæt.aɪ.ən/ 阳离子
3. quantum number 量子数
principal quantum number 主量子数(n)1≤n
azimuthal quantum number 角量子数(ℓ)0≤ℓ≤n-1
magnetic quantum number 磁量子数(m)- ℓ≤m ≤ℓ
spin quantum number 自旋量子数(s或m s)±1/2
Pauli exclusion principle(泡利不相容原理):
Two electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously.
Hund’s principle / Hund’s rule(洪特规则):
If two orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs.
4. chemical bond 化学键
ionic bond 离子键ionization energy 电离能electron affinity 电子亲和能
ionic polarization 离子极化dipole 偶极
covalent bond 共价键
metallic bond 金属键(=metallic bonding)
intermolecular force 分子间作用力van der Waals force 范德华力
5. Lewis structure 路易斯结构
lone pairs 孤电子对,孤对电子valence electron 价电子
single bond 单键
multiple bond 多重键(double bond 双键,triple bond 三键)
6. chemical reaction 化学反应
四种基本反应类型(four basic types):
combination reaction 化合反应 C + O2= C O2
decomposition reaction 分解反应Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2O
displacement reaction (single displacement reaction) 置换反应Fe + CuSO4 = FeSO4 + Cu
metathesis reaction (double displacement reaction) 复分解反应AgNO3 + NH4I = NH4NO3+ AgI↓
precipitation 沉淀(作用)precipitate 沉淀物
其它反应:
reduction-oxidation reaction (=redox reaction) 氧化还原反应
oxidation 氧化reduction 还原
combustion 燃烧(=burning)
stoichiometry /ˌstɔɪkiˈɒmɪtri/ 化学计量stoichiometric ration 化学计量比
reactivity series of metals / activity series of metals 金属活动性顺序
standard electrode potential 标准电极电势(符号Eθ)
chemical stability 化学稳定性
acid-base reaction 酸碱(中和)反应
conjugated acid 共轭酸conjugated base 共轭碱
Lewis acid 路易斯酸Lewis base 路易斯碱
Brønsted acid Brønsted酸Brønsted base Brønsted碱
7. solution 溶液
solute 溶质solvent 溶剂concentration 浓度
concentrated 浓的dilute 稀的molality 质量摩尔浓度(mol溶质/kg溶剂) mole fraction 摩尔分数mass fraction 质量分数mass concentration 质量浓度(kg/m3)
osmotic pressure 渗透压molar concentration 摩尔浓度(mol/L)
solubility 溶解度solubility product 溶度积(K sp)
soluble 可溶的slightly soluble 微溶的insoluble 难溶的,不溶的
solvation 溶剂化作用solvate 溶剂合物(如CaCl2·C2H5OH)
hydration 水合作用hydrate 水合物(如CuSO4·5H2O)
hemihydrate 半水合物monohydrate 一水合物dihydrate 二水合物(tri- 3, tetra- 4, penta- 5, hexa- 6, hepta- 7, octa- 8, nona- 9, deca- 10, undeca- 11, dodeca- 12)
8. compound (=chemical compound) 化合物
inorganic compound 无机化合物organic compound 有机化合物
nomenclature /nəˈmenklətʃə(r)/ 命名法chemical formula 化学式
empirical formula 实验式,简式structural formula 结构式molecular formula 分子式macromolecule 高分子polymer 聚合物
coordination complex 配合物,络合物
元素名以ium(或um)结尾的,去掉后缀,某化物加ide,如硫化钠sodium sulfide。次某酸盐加hypo……ite,如次氯酸钠sodium hypochlorite。亚某酸盐加ite,如亚硒酸钠,sodium selenite。正常价态的加ate,如磷酸铵ammonium phosphate。高某酸盐(+7和+8价)加per……ate,如高氯酸钾potassium perchlorate。
形成的酸用相应的形容词性的词+ acid,如高氯酸perchloric acid,碳酸carbonic acid。离子用名词词性的词+ ion,如硝酸根离子nitrate ion(变价金属离子可用形容词性的,如亚铁离子ferrous ion)。
IUPAC命名法用罗马数字标注价态,如氯化铁iron(III) chloride。
10. 其它
nuclear reaction 核反应radioactive 放射性的radioactivity 放射性
radiation 辐射,放射decay 衰变critical mass 临界质量
nuclide 核素isotope 同位素
allotrope 同素异形体allotropy 同素异形现象isomer 同分异构体amphoteric compound 两性化合物protic solvent 质子溶剂aprotic solvent 非质子溶剂
二、有机化学
1. alkane 烷烃
methane 甲烷ethane 丙烷propane 丙烷butane 丁烷
(烷烃按词头+ane,5碳及以上的烷烃按数词前缀+ane,前缀见一、5)
saturated hydrocarbons 饱和烃alkyl 烷基cycloalkane 环烷烃
aromatic 芳香烃的aliphatic 脂肪烃的
optical isomer 光学异构体chirality /kaɪˈrælɪti/ 手性
asymmetric molecule 不对称分子
2. unsaturated hydrocarbons 不饱和烃
alkene 烯烃(后缀ene)alkyne(后缀yne)
ethylene 乙烯(=ethene)propylene(=propene)丙烯
butene 丁烯pentene 戊烯
acetylene 乙炔(=ethyne)propyne 丙炔
1-butyne 1-丁炔(=but-1-yne)2-pentyne(=pent-2-yne)2-戊炔
propadiene 丙二烯(=allene)1,3-butadiene(=buta-1,3-diene)1,3-丁二烯
addition reaction 加成反应substitution reaction 取代反应
functional group 官能团substituent group 取代基
ozonolysis 臭氧化反应(ozone 臭氧)hydroboration–oxidation reaction 硼氢化-氧化反应cycloaddition 环加成反应free-radical addition 自由基加成反应
3. haloakane 卤代烷烃
elimination reaction 消除反应organometallic compounds 金属有机化合物
Grignard reagent 格氏试剂allyl chloride 烯丙基氯
electrophilic addition 亲电加成反应nucleophilic addition 亲核加成反应
4. aromatic hydrocarbon 芳香烃(=arene)
aromaticity 芳香性benzene 苯
phenyl 苯基benzyl 苄基,苯甲基
PAH(=Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)多环芳烃naphthalene 萘
phenanthrene 菲anthracene 蒽
benzyne 苯炔aryne 芳炔
toluene 甲苯(=methylbenzene)xylene (o- ,m- ,p-) 二甲苯(邻、间、对)cumene 异丙苯(=isopropylbenzene)styrene(=vinylbenzene)苯乙烯
5. groups containing oxygen 含氧基团
alcohol 醇methanol 甲醇
ketone 酮acetone 丙酮
aldehyde 醛acetaldehyde 乙醛
acyl chloride 酰氯carboxylate (羧酸)盐
ester (羧酸)酯peroxide 过氧化物
ether 醚anhydride 酸酐
formic acid 甲酸ethyl formate 甲酸乙酯
acetic acid 乙酸ethyl acetate 乙酸乙酯
6. groups containing nitrogen 含氮基团
amide 酰胺amine 胺ammine (无机)氨配体primary amine 伯胺secondary amine 仲胺
tertiary amine /ˈtɜ:ʃəri ə'mi:n/ 叔胺quaternary ammonium compound 季铵盐
imine 亚胺azide 叠氮化物
azo compound 偶氮化物azobenzene 偶氮苯
diazonium compound 重氮盐azo coupling 重氮偶合(反应)
azo dye 偶氮染料nitrate 硝酸盐,硝酸酯
nitrile 腈isonitrile 异腈
acetonitrile 乙腈oxime 肟(R1R2C=NOH)
nitrite 亚硝酸盐,亚硝酸酯
nitro compound 硝基化合物nitroso compound 亚硝基化合物
7. groups containing sulfur 含硫化合物
thiol 硫醇ethanethiol 乙硫醇
sulfide (无机)硫化物,(有机)硫醚disulfide 二硫化物
sulfoxide 亚砜(R1R2S=O) sulfone 砜(R1R2S(=O)2) sulfonic acid 磺酸sulfonate 苯磺酸盐
thiocyanate 硫氰酸盐,硫氰酸酯
三、物理化学
1. state of matter 物态
solid 固体liquid 液体gas 气体plasma 等离子体
phase diagram 相图triple point 三相点critical point 临界点
temperature 温度pressure 压力degree of freedom 自由度
crystal(=crystalline solid)晶体amorphous solid 非晶体,无定形体
melting 熔化sublimation 升华freezing 凝固condensation 液化
boiling 沸腾evaporation 蒸发deposition 凝华crystallization 结晶saturated solution 饱和溶液unsaturated solution 未饱和溶液
super-saturated solution 过饱和溶液Supersaturation 过饱和(状态)
2. crystal structure 晶体结构
space lattice 晶格,空间点阵unit cell 晶胞alloy 合金coordination number 配位数crystal system 晶系
3. chemical thermodynamics 化学热力学
internal energy 内能(U)ideal gas 理想气体
Helmholtz free energy 亥姆霍兹自由能(A)Gibbs free energy 吉布斯自由能(G)
enthalpy 焓(H)entropy 熵(S)
Zeroth law of thermodynamics(热力学第零定律):
reaction massIf two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.
First law of thermodynamics(热力学第一定律):
When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, the system's internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
Second law of thermodynamics(热力学第二定律):
In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible.
Third law of thermodynamics(热力学第三定律):
The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses) the entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero, and is equal to the logarithm of the product of the quantum ground states.
4. chemical kinetics 化学动力学
chemical equilibrium 化学平衡dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡
reaction mechanism 反应机理activated complex 活化配合物,活化络合物reactive intermediate 活性中间体catalyst (缩写cat.)催化剂
catalysis 催化作用enzyme 酶
heterogeneous catalysis 多相催化,非均相催化homogeneous catalysis 均相催化
autocatalysis 自催化inhibitor 抑制剂
catalyst poison 催化剂毒物reaction rate 反应速率,化学反应速率
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