∗基金项目:阜阳市科技局科研基金资助项目(FK202081-56)作者单位:233000安徽省蚌埠市蚌埠医学院第一附属医院感染病科(刘南南,赵守松);阜阳市第二人民医院肝病科(李卫)第一作者:刘南南,女,36岁,硕士研究生,主治医师㊂主要从事肝病基础和临床防治研究㊂E-mail:906107393@qq 通讯作者:赵守松,E-mail:1260345655@qq ㊃肝硬化㊃
简化版动物命名试验对肝硬化并发轻微性肝性脑病的
诊断价值及相关因素分析∗
刘南南,李卫,赵守松
㊀㊀ʌ摘要ɔ㊀目的㊀探讨应用简化版动物命名试验(S-ANT)诊断肝硬化并发轻微性肝性脑病(MHE)的价值㊂方法㊀2020年7月~2021年6月于蚌埠医学院第一附属医院感染病科和阜阳市第二人民医院肝病科住院的142例肝硬化患者,采用数字连接试验A(NCT-A)㊁数字符号试验(DST)㊁动物命名试验(ANT)筛查肝硬化并发MHE患者㊂常规检测血常规㊁血生化常规和血氨,应用多因素Logistic回归分析肝硬化并发MHE的相关因素㊂绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),评价S-ANT诊断MHE的效能㊂结果㊀在142例肝硬化患者中,发生MHE者39例
(27.5%);MHE组患者年龄㊁受教育年限和酒精性肝病占比与无MHE组比,差异显著(P<0.05);MHE组血
氨水平为61.0(36.0~94.0)μmol/L,显著高于无MHE组ʌ(47.1(33.0~69.0)μmol/L,P<0.05ɔ;MHE组NCT-A用时为(93.5ʃ
38.9)s,显著长于无MHE组ʌ(61.5ʃ23.7)s,P<0.05ɔ,DST㊁ANT和S-ANT评分分别为(22.7ʃ5.7)分㊁(12.5ʃ1.5)分和
(14.4ʃ2.0)分,均显著低于无MHE组ʌ分别为(36.9ʃ10.4)分㊁(17.6ʃ3.9)分和(18.7ʃ3.8),P<0.05ɔ;多因素Logistic
回归分析显示,年龄(OR=1.07,95%CI1.02~1.14,P<0.05)㊁受教育年限(OR=0.78,95%CI0.65~0.94,P<0.05)和血氨水平(OR=1.02,95%CI1.00~1.04,P<0.05)是发生MHE的独立影响因素;S-ANT诊断肝硬化患者并发MHE的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.781,最佳截断点为<16分,其敏感度为71.8%,特异度为84.5%㊂结论㊀S-ANT诊断肝硬化并发MHE简便㊁有效,值得临床开展论证研究㊂
㊀㊀ʌ关键词ɔ㊀肝硬化;轻微型肝性脑病;简化版动物命名试验;诊断
㊀㊀DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2023.01.022
㊀㊀Diagnostic performance of simplified animal nomenclature test in predicting minimal hepatic ence
phalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis㊀Liu Nannan,Li Wei,Zhao Shousong.Department of Infectious Diseases,First Affiliated Hospital,Bengbu Medical College,Bengbu233000,Anhui Province,China
㊀㊀ʌAbstractɔ㊀Objective㊀The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of simplified animal nomenclature test(S-ANT)in predicting minimal hepatic encephalopathy(MHE)in patients with liver cirrhosis(LC).Methods ㊀142patients with LC were encountered in the Department of Infectious Diseases,First Affiliated Hospital,Bengbu Medical College and the Department of Hepatology,Second People's Hospital,Fuyang,Anhui province between July2020and June2021, and the number connection test-A(NCT-A),digit symbol test(DST),simplified animal naming test(ANT)were conducted for the diagnosis of MHE.The multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed,the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was drawn,and the area under the curve(AUC)was calculated to evaluate the diagnostic performance of S-ANT for MHE.
Results㊀Among the142patients with LC,the MHE was found in39cases(27.5%);there were significant differences with respect to the ages,education periods and the percentage of alcoholic liver disease between patients with and without MHE(P< 0.05);serum ammonia level in patients with MHE was61.0(36.0,94.0)μmol/L,much higher than[(47.1(33.0,69.0)μmol/L,P<0.05]in patients without MHE;th
e NCT-A in patients with MHE lasted for(93.5ʃ38.9)s,much longer than [(61.5ʃ23.7)s,P<0.05],and the DST,ANT and S-ANT scores were(22.7ʃ5.7),(12.5ʃ1.5)and(14.4ʃ2.0),all significantly higher than[(36.9ʃ10.4),(17.6ʃ3.9)and(18.7ʃ3.8),respectively,P<0.05]in patients without MHE;the
multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the age(OR
=1.07,95%CI1.02-1.14,P<0.05),education period(OR
=0.78,95%CI0.65-0.94,P<0.05)and serum ammonia
level(OR=1.02,95%CI1.00-1.04,P<0.05)were all the
independent factors for the occurrence of MHE;the AUC was
0.781,with the sensitivity of71.8%and the specificity of
84.5%,when the cut-off-value of S-ANT less than16was
applied to predict the MHE in patients with LC.Conclusion㊀The S-ANT is a good diagnostic tool for the assessment of MHE in patients with LC,which might be applied to screen and early find the suspicious patients.
㊀㊀ʌKey wordsɔ㊀Liver cirrhosis;Minimal hepatic encephalopathy;Simplified animal naming test;Diagnosis
㊀㊀肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy,HE)是各种终末期肝病主要死亡原因之一,而轻微型肝性脑病(minimal hepatic encephalopathy,MHE)是HE较早期相对隐匿的阶段[1]㊂MHE会导致患者健康相关生活质量和驾驶安全性下降,如不及时干预,短期可进展为显性肝性脑病(overt hepatic encephalopathy, OHE),死亡风险增加[2-4]㊂MHE发病隐匿,缺乏能识别的临床表现,早期诊断较困难,目前国际上尚缺乏统一公认的诊断标准㊂我国主要参照2018年中华医学会发布的肝硬化‘肝性脑病诊疗指南“中关于MHE的诊断标准[1],对肝硬化患者进行MHE筛查,操作相对复杂且耗时㊁专业性较强,临床广泛开展难度较大㊂近年来研究显示简化版动物命名试验(simplified animal naming test,S-ANT)可作为一种简便㊁易行的筛查肝硬化并发MHE的工具[5]㊂本研究选用HE心理学评分(psychometric hepatic encepha-lopathy score,PHES)中的数字连接试验A(number connection test-A,NCT-A)㊁数字符号试验(digit symbol test,DST)和动物命名测试(animal naming test,ANT)筛查肝硬化并发MHE患者,采用S-ANT[5]与上述检测结果进行比较,以探讨S-ANT对MHE的诊断效能,并分析肝硬化并发MHE相关的影响因素,我们相信这些研究将有助于临床医生早期识别高危肝硬化并发MHE患者,现报道如下㊂
1㊀资料与方法
1.1病例来源㊀2020年7月~2021年6月于蚌埠医学院第一附属医院感染病科和阜阳市第二人民医院肝病科住院的肝硬化患者142例,符合2019年修订的肝硬化诊治指南的诊断标准[6]㊂排除标准: (1)存在严重的精神㊁心理或神经系统疾病;(2)2周内应用过镇静剂或麻醉药物等其他影响中枢神经系统的药物;(3)2周内发生OHE或上消化道大出血;
(4)经颈静脉门体分流术后;(5)因智力或视力等不能完成测试㊂本研究经阜阳市第二人民医院医学伦理委员会批准,所有患者签署知情同意书㊂
1.2测试方法㊀NCT-A是将1~25号数字随机分布在纸上,让受试者按从小到大顺序连接起来,记录完成时间[7];DST是按照1~9号在数字下面相对应地放上符号,受试者在90s内按顺序依次写出与数字相对应的符号数,计算得分;ANT是一种语义流畅性测试,要求受试者在1min内讲出尽可能多的动物名称,重复的和错误的被排除在外,计算得分;S-ANT 是在ANT的基础上,校正因年龄和受教育年限造成的影响,对受教育年限<8年的患者,结果增加3只动物;对受教育年限<8年和年龄>80岁的患者,结果增加6只动物,最后统计数量并计算得分[5,8,9]㊂NCT-A㊁DST和ANT均阳性,则诊断为MHE[1]㊂1.3临床检测㊀在入院24h内完成血氨㊁血常规㊁肝肾功能㊁电解质㊁C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)和凝血功能指标等相关实验室检测㊂
1.4统计学方法㊀应用SPSS25.0统计学软件对数据进行处理㊂对正态分布的计量资料以xʃs表示,采用t
检验,对非正态分布的计量资料以M(P25~ P75)表示,采用秩和检验㊂计数资料以%表示,采用x2检验㊂采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析引起肝硬化并发MHE的因素,应用ROC曲线评价S-ANT诊断肝硬化并发MHE的价值㊂以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义㊂
2㊀结果
2.1一般资料㊀在本组142例患者中,乙型肝炎肝硬化99例,乙型肝炎合并酒精性肝硬化27例,其他原因导致的肝硬化16例(包括布加综合征4例,原发性胆汁性胆管炎3例,丙型肝炎肝硬化3例和不明原因者6例);在142例肝硬化患者中,发生MHE者39例(27.5%);肝硬化并发MHE组年龄㊁受教育年限和不同肝硬化病因与无MHE组比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而两组Child-Pugh分级比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)㊂
2.2两组常规实验室指标比较㊀单因素分析结果显示,MHE组WBC㊁PT㊁TBIL㊁Alb㊁sCr㊁Na+㊁CRP与无MHE组比较,差异无显著性统计学意义(P>0.05),而PLT计数和血氨水平与无MHE组比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,表2)㊂
2.3两组测试结果比较㊀两组NCT-A㊁DST㊁ANT和S -ANT结果比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,表3)㊂
表1㊀并发MHE与无MHE组一般资料(%,ʃs)比较
MHE(n=39)无MHE(n=103)统计值P值年龄(岁)51.1ʃ7.447.1ʃ9.2  2.3980.018男性35(89.7)86(83.5)  2.3210.254受教育年限  6.1ʃ2.57.8ʃ2.8-3.4100.001病因49.804<0.001㊀㊀乙型肝炎13(33.3)86(83.5)
㊀㊀乙肝合并酒精22(56.4)5(4.9)
㊀㊀其他4(10.3)12(11.7)
Child-Pugh分级  2.5810.275㊀㊀A级15(38.5)54(52.4)
㊀㊀B级14(35.9)32(31.1)
㊀㊀C级10(25.6)17(16.5)
表2㊀并发MHE与无MHE组常规实验室指标[(xʃs,M(P25~P75)]比较
MHE(n=39)无MHE(n=103)统计值P值WBC(ˑ109/L)  3.7(2.5~5.4)  4.3(3.2~6.2)-1.8310.067 PLT(ˑ109/L)69.0(45.0~115.0)99.0(58.0~153.0)-2.2810.023 PT(s)14.2(12.5~16.5)13.0(12.0~14.9)-1.8770.061 TBIL(μmol/L)25.0(19.5~43.4)22.5(14.0~41.4)-1.1860.236 Alb(g/L)33.8ʃ7.334.7ʃ7.1-0.6540.514 sCr(μmol/L)65.0(50.0~71.0)61.0(52.0~69.0)-0.5280.597 Na+(mmol/L)139(135~142)140(137~142)-0.8
950.371 CRP(mg/L)  3.3(1.4~20.2)  4.6(1.0~16.1)-0.2030.839血氨(μmol/L)61.0(36.0~94.0)47.1(33.0~69.0)-1.9820.048
表3㊀并发MHE与无MHE组测试结果(xʃs)比较
MHE(n=39)无MHE(n=103)统计值P值NCT-A(s)93.5ʃ38.961.5ʃ23.7  4.810<0.001 DST22.7ʃ5.736.9ʃ10.4-10.354<0.001 ANT12.5ʃ1.517.6ʃ3.9-11.350<0.001 S-ANT14.4ʃ2.018.7ʃ3.8-8.856<0.001 2.4多因素Logistic回归分析㊀多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄(OR=1.07,95%CI1.02~ 1.14,P<0.05)㊁受教育年限(OR=0.78,95%CI0.65 ~0.94,P<0.05)和血氨水平(OR=1.02,95%CI
1.00~1.04,P<0.05)是发生MHE的独立影响因素㊂
2.5S-ANT诊断肝硬化患者并发MHE的价值㊀绘制ROC曲线分析并计算曲线下面积(AUC)为0.781,最佳截断点为S-ANT<16分,其敏感度为71.8%,特异度为84.5%(图1)㊂
3㊀讨论
MHE是肝硬化常见的并发症之一,但临床上经常未能早期识别和诊断MHE㊂本研究通过对MHE 发生相关因素进行分析,筛查高危患者,有助于提高MHE的诊断效能㊂2013年我国进行的一项多中心研究结果显示,MHE
发生与肝硬化失代偿程度相
图1㊀S-ANT诊断肝硬化并发MHE的ROC曲线关,Child-Pugh C级患者MHE患病率更高[10-12]㊂另外,国外学者进行的一项肝硬化患者MHE患病率及相关因素研究结果也显示,Child-Pugh分级越差, MHE发生风险越大,是其独立的预测因素[13-16]㊂本研究显示,不同Child-Pugh分级患者MHE患病率未见统计学差异,与以往研究结果不同,原因可能与样本数少和部分Child-Pugh B/C级患者存在OHE影响了统计结果有关,需进一步扩大样本量研究㊂HE发病机制还未完全阐明,目前以氨中毒学说
被广泛认同[17]㊂国内外指南推荐的用于HE的常用药物有乳果糖㊁门冬氨酸鸟氨酸㊁利福昔明等,均是通过减少氨吸收和促进氨代谢,降低血氨水平[1,18]㊂2021年喀麦隆的一项多中心前瞻性研究显示年龄和受教育程度与MHE发生相关[15]㊂本研究结果显示,年龄㊁受教育程度和血氨水平与肝硬化患者MHE发生相关(P<0.05),多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示年龄增长㊁受教育年限较低㊁血氨异常升高是肝硬化并发MHE的独立危险因素,临床上对这类患者应该常规进行MHE的筛查㊂
早期识别和诊断MHE可以改善患者生活质量和预后㊂临床上最常用的筛查方法包括NCT-A和NCT-B㊁DST㊁轨迹描绘试验㊁系列打点试验等测试试验,并且已经有多个国家建立更符合本国国情的诊断方法[18,19]㊂2018年我国发布的MHE的诊断标准是2项异常联合新的心理测试方法或神经生理学检查1项异常[1]㊂2020年ISHEN肝性脑病共识意见指出,不建议将2个或更多测试联合起来确定MHE 的诊断㊂
MHE患者存在轻度认知功能障碍,会损害患者语言流利性㊂S-ANT是一种语言-语义流畅性测试工具㊂有人提出了一个三步临界值(S-ANTȡ15为0级,10ɤS-ANT<15为1级,S-ANT<10为2级),对于临界值<15只动物,其诊断MHE的敏感度为78%,特异度为63%㊂关于S-ANT筛查MHE的研究结果显示,临界值<15只动物,其敏感度为78%,特异度为63%[20]㊂本研究应用年龄和受教育程度调整后的S-ANT结果显示,对于临界值<16只动物时,其诊断MHE的敏感度为71.8%,特异度为84. 5%㊂尽管亚洲和欧洲肝硬化病因不同,但与之前的研究得出了相似的结论㊂因此,S-ANT被证明用于诊断MHE具有较高的敏感性和特异性,较传统的心理和神经生理学检查相比,有着快速㊁简便㊁价廉的优势㊂
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(收稿:2022-08-11)
(本文编辑:陈宗炳)

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