The inverted pendulum
Key words: inverted pendulum, modeling, PID controllers,
Fuzzy controllers, state space controllers
What is an Inverted Pendulum? Remember when you were a child and you tried to balance a broom-stick or baseball bat on your index finger or the palm of your hand? You had to constantly adjust the position of your hand to keep the object upright. An Inverted Pendulum does basically the same thing. However, it is limited in that it only moves in one dimension, while your hand could move up, down, sideways, etc. Check out the video provided to see exactly how the Inverted Pendulum works.
An inverted pendulum is a physical device consisting in a cylindrical bar (usually of aluminum) free to oscillate around a fixed pivot. The pivot is mounted on a carriage, which in its turn can move on a horizontal direction. The carriage is driven by a motor, which can exert on it a variable force. The bar would naturally tend to fall down from the top vertical position, which is a position of unsteady equilibrium.
The goal of the experiment is to stabilize the pendulum (bar) on the top vertical posit- ion. This is possible by exerting on the carriage through the motor a force which tends to contrast the 'free' pendulum dynamics. The correct force has to be calculated measuring the instant values of the horizontal position and the pendulum angle (obtained e.g. through two potentiometers).
The system pendulum+cart+motor can be modeled as a linear system if all the parameters are known (masses, lengths, etc.), in order to find a controller to stabilize it. If not all the parameters are known, one can however try to 'reconstruct' the system parameters using measured data on the dynamics of the pendulum.
What is it used for?Just like the broom-stick, an Inverted Pendulum is an inherently unstable system. Force must be properly applied to keep the system intact.To achieve this, proper control theory is required. The Inverted Pendulum is essential in the evaluating and comparing of various control theories.
The inverted pendulum is a traditional example (neither difficult nor trivial) of a c-ontrolled system. Thus it is used in simulations and experiments to show the performance of different controllers (e.g. PID controllers, state space controllers, fuzzy&).
The Real-Time Inverted Pendulum is used as a benchmark, to test the validity and the performance of the software underlying the state-space controller algorithm,& the used operating system. Actually the algorithm is implement form the numerical point of view as a set of mutually co-operating tasks, which are periodically activated by the kernel, and which perform different calculations. The way how these tasks are active- ted (e.g. the activation order) is called scheduling of the tasks. It is obvious that a cor-rect scheduling of each task is crucial for a good performance of the controller, and hence for an effective pendulum stabilization. Thus the inverted pendulum is very useful in determining whether a particular scheduling choice is better than another one, in which cases, to which extent, and so on.
Modeling an inverted pendulum.Generally the inverted pendulum system is modeled as a linear system, and hence the modeling is valid only for small oscillations of the pendulum.
Prescribed trajectory tracking with certain accuracy is a main task of robotic control. The control is often based on a mathematical model of the system. This model is nev-er an exact representation of reality, since modeling errors are inevitable. Moreover, one can use a simplified model on purpose. In this paper, the structured and unstructured uncertainties are of primary interest,&, the modeling error due to the parameters variation and unmodeled modes, especially the friction and sensor dynamics, neglected time delays, etc.
The erroneous model and the demand for high performance require the controller to be robust. The sliding mode controllers(SMC) based on variable structure control can be used if the inaccuracies in the model structure are bounded with known bounds. However, an SMC has some disadvantages, related to chattering of the control input signal. Often this phenomenon is undesirable, since it causes excessive control action leading to increase wear of the actuators and to excitation of unmodeled dynamics.
The attempts to attenuate this undesirable effect result in the deterioration of the robustness characteristics. This is a well-known problem and widely treated in the literature. In order to obtain smoothing in the bang-bang typed discontinuities of the sliding mode con
troller different schemes have been suggested.
Another important issue limiting the practical applicability of SMC is the over con-servative control law due to the upper bounds of the uncertainties. In practice most often the worst case implemented in control law does not take place and the resulting lar-ge control inputs become unnecessary and uneconomical.
In this paper we suggest an approach to the design of decentralized motion controllers for electromechanical systems besides the sliding mode motion controller structure and disturbance torque estimation. The accuracy of the estimation is the critical param-eter for robustness in this scheme, as opposed to the upper bounds of the perturbations themselves. Consequently, the driving terms of the error dynamics are reduced from the uncertainties (as in the conventional SMC) to the accuracy in their estimates. The result is a much better tracking accuracy without being over conservative in control.
>reactive翻译
版权声明:本站内容均来自互联网,仅供演示用,请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198,我们将在24小时内删除。
发表评论