SUPER P Li
Graphite
Carbon Black
Carbon powders for Lithium battery systems
The Power of Synergies
Carbon powders for Lithium battery systems
Who are we?
TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon has a strong tradition and history in carbon man-ufacturing. Its first manufacturing opera-tion was founded in 1908.
T oday, TIMCAL facilities produce and market a large variety of synthetic and nat-ural graphite powders,
conductive carbon black and dispersions of consistent high quality.
Adhering to a philosophy of T otal Quality Management and continuous process improvement, the TIMCAL manufacturing plants comply with ISO 9001-2000.
TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon is commit-ted to produce highly specialized graphite and carbon materials for today and tomor-row customers’ needs.
TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon is a mem-ber of IMERYS, a world leader in adding value to minerals.
What is our vision?
Timcal’s vision  is to be recognized world-wide as a leader in realizing challenging solu-tions for its customers by means of special carbons and related applications.
What do we offer to our costumers?
“Providing customer-related solutions”
TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon produces a variety of synthetic and natural graphite powders, conductive c
arbon blacks, cal-cined petroleum cokes, aqueous dispersions and silicon carbide with a common key-word: consistency . They are manufactured under stringent process control conditions from the raw material stage through the end product.
Additionally, our team of specialists coop-erates very closely with customers and research institutes to provide the very best advice and assist clients with today’s and tomorrow’s solutions.
For further information, please contact our team who are ready to help you or visit our website:www.timcal.
This document is intended to help our customers to make the best possible selec-tion from the wide range of TIMCAL ’s car-bon additives available for the use in their lithium battery.
TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon offers a strong technical expertise to its existing and potential customers  through its Marketing and T echnological Groups. Our team of spe-cialists has an extensive knowledge of carbon materials and corresponding application processes, as well as an excellent problem-solving record. Besides providing customer support, our experts work closely with the battery manufacturers to meet the growing challenges facing this industry.The next pages will be devoted to the fol-lowing topics:
INTRODUCTION
TO LITHIUM BATTERY ....................pag.3-4CARBON FOR SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY
• Carbon materials as conductive
additives .............................................pag.5-6THE POSITIVE ELECTRODE
• TIMCAL graphite and carbon black
as  conductive additives ...................pag.7-8THE NEGATIVE ELECTRODE
• TIMCAL graphite and carbon black
as conductive additives ..................pag.9-10
CARBON FOR SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY
• Carbon materials as electrochemically active material ....................................pag.11THE NEGATIVE ELECTRODE
• TIMREX ®S-family as electrochemically active material .....................................pag.12
SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE CARBON FOR SECONDARY
pag.13-14SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE CARBON FOR PRIMARY
LITHIUM BATTERY .............................pag.15
www.timcal
Lac des Îles, Canada
Changzhou, China
Fuji, Japan
Willebroek, Belgium
T
errebonne, Canada
Bodio, Switzerland
Where are we located?
With headquarters in Switzerland, TIMCAL Graphite & Carbon has an international pres-ence with facilities and commercial offices located in key markets around the Globe. The Group’s industrial and commercial activities are managed by an experienced multi-nation-al team of more than 300 employees from many countries on three continents.
2
Introduction
to the Lithium battery
The proliferation of modern technologies,as well as the growing demand for unlimited mobility throughout society has created a boost in the demand for mobile energy stor-age systems and stimulated the phenomenal growth in the primary and rechargeable bat-teries industry. Portable electronic devices such as cellular phones, portable computers,video cameras and other consumer products require energy sources providing high ener-gy and power density.
Sustained demand for primary high-power battery has led to the development and production of the primary lithium bat-tery. Similarly, strong market drive for a safe and high-energy rechargeable battery has allowed the fast development and market acceptance of the lithium-ion (Li-ion) bat-tery technology.
In addition, OEM manufacturers of sta-tionary and automotive applications like hybrid electric vehicles, 42V-dual battery systems, as well as large sized batteries for telecommunications and space applications are intensively searching for battery tech-nologies with improved energy and power density as well as an extended cycle life. In these areas, lithium-ion battery is being a serious candidate.
For thermodynamic and kinetic reasons,lithium battery systems could meet the requirements for energy and power density for most battery applications in portable, sta-tionary and traction (HEV and EV) equip-ment.
Primary battery
Lithium metal is attractive as a primary battery anode material because of its high specific capacity, high voltage, and good con-ductivity. Primary cells using lithium display superior performance such as
high voltage of about 4 V , specific energy and energy density
Secondary and primary batteries - energy density and specific energy
two to four times better than conventional primary alkaline batteries, flat discharge curve, shelf life exceeding 10 years and wide operating temperature range.
In the positive electrode of primary lithium battery, carbon materials are mixed with active materials to provide the needed con-ductivity.
Secondary battery
reactive metalAs a material in the negative electrode,lithium metal is mainly used in primary bat-tery systems, the reason being  the limited rechargeability of metallic lithium for safety reasons.
The substitution of lithium metal elec-trodes with insertion materials showing rela-
tively high lithium activities initiated the break-through for the rechargeable lithium battery, the so-called Lithium-ion, Swing, or Rocking-Chair battery. The first Li-ion bat-tery manufactured industrially appeared on the market in 1990.
Since then, this battery system enjoys a steady growth in demand compared with other rechargeable energy storage systems for the same fields of application. While offering remarkable safety, the Li-ion-system provides unique performance regarding high capacity,energy as well as power density, as the highly reactive lithium metal is bound in a carbon-electrode.
www.timcal
Introduction
to the Lithium battery
Carbon for secondary Lithium battery
TI Conductive carbon black displays large surface area (50-770 m 2/g) and high structure due to aggregation of nano-sized primary par-ticles, while micro-sized graphite particles dis-play moderate surface area (5-25 m 2/g) and high anisotropy. The dimensions of the single crystal domains in the graphite particle are by more than a factor of ten larger than in a car-bon black particle resulting in complementa-
ry properties.
20 nm
TEM Pictures of Super P ™Li and TIMREX ®graphite

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