外文资料翻译
HISTORY OF UNDERWATER
WELDING TECHNOLOGY
Underwater welding technology is the development of the marine, offshore oil exploitation as well as assembly, maintenance such as oil platforms, pipelines and submarine positions in large marine structures such as one of the key technologies, but also ships emergency repair, salvage, construction of bridges and other necessary technically work means. Nuclear power development is the trend of the world in nuclear power plants within the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) for long-term work in the water, susceptible to stress corrosion cracking of the damage, structural repair of nuclear power, will face many challenges. To often use radiation-related underwater welding method, in order to reduce the working staff. Classification of underwater welding underwater welding generally divided into three categories: wet, dry, and local dry. And the dry can be divided into high-pressure dry underwater welding and common-pressure underwater welding pressure. Local laws, includi
ng drainage cover dry type, high-pressure curtain-style, steel brush, mobile air box and plasma arc MIG local dry method. Welding method used generally coated electrode welding, GTAW, GMWA, and FCAW. In addition to welding underwater welding in addition there is an explosion welding and FSW (friction stitch welding friction stitch welding), these two methods are all connected by solid phase technology. Following the development of underwater welding course:
1 Underwater wet welding technology
In 1802, a scholar named Humphrey pointed out that a continuous arc can burn under water, that pointed out the possibility of underwater welding, but its practical application is more than 100 years later, can not move the structure on land welding was done under the circumstances. In 1917, the British naval dockyard welders using underwater welding methods to block in the underwater part of ship rivets leaking cracks, this is the first application of underwater welding. The first published an article about underwater welding research papers in 1933, was jointly by Hibshrman Jensen and complete. 1932, Khrenov invented the thick skin of underwater medicine special electrode, the electrode surface top
1 Underwater wet welding technology
In 1802, a scholar named Humphrey pointed out that a continuous arc can burn under water, that pointed out the possibility of underwater welding, but its practical application is more than 100 years later, can not move the structure on land welding was done under the circumstances. In 1917, the British naval dockyard welders using underwater welding methods to block in the underwater part of ship rivets leaking cracks, this is the first application of underwater welding. The first published an article about underwater welding research papers in 1933, was jointly by Hibshrman Jensen and complete. 1932, Khrenov invented the thick skin of underwater medicine special electrode, the electrode surface top
coat with waterproof layer, so that the stability of underwater welding arc has been improved to some extent. To the Second World War, underwater welding technology has been in the salvage boat, etc. play an important role. In 1971, Humble Oil Company of the Gulf of Mexico drilling platforms, underwater welding repair work is the first underwater welding technology used in offshore oil projects. 1985 produced the first batch of accredited diving welder, and developed a depth of less than 100m underwater wet welding. In 1987, underwater wet welding stainless steel piping in nuclear power plant has been applied to the repair work. 90's of last century, with the required repair of underwater engineering structures and the increase in the cost of increased repair dock, wet welding technology has been further developed. The development of underwater welding underwater wet welding plays an important role in the application. British Hydroweld a variety of underwater welding company achieved good practical results. U.S. Patent electrode -7018 `s drug electrode layer of aluminum skin, underwater welding can produce large amounts of gas, to avoid the erosion of the weld metal. University of Hanover, Germany-based slag - gas combined protection of the metal transfer process and protectiv
e mechanism developed from the protection of double-cored electrodes. Underwater wet welding is usually the water depth of less than 100 m, the direction of current efforts is to achieve 200 m water depth of wet welding technology breakthrough. Early 50s of last century, underwater wet welding arc welding had been applied in our country. 60's of last century China began developing its own dedicated underwater welding. South China University of Technology developed underwater welding rod available in 30 m water depth less than a good welding performance.
2 Underwater dry welding technology
● High dry underwater welding technology
High-pressure dry underwater welding, the idea is first proposed in 1954 the United States, officially for the 1966 production, mainly used for submarine pipeline repair. The maximum current is about 300 m water depth in the. The welding method, the bottom chamber is open, and through the work of deep water into the air pressure slightly larger than the pressure of the gas, the indoor air discharge water from the bottom of the openings, welding gas chamber in the dry conducted. MIG welding or commonly used, is th
2 Underwater dry welding technology
● High dry underwater welding technology
High-pressure dry underwater welding, the idea is first proposed in 1954 the United States, officially for the 1966 production, mainly used for submarine pipeline repair. The maximum current is about 300 m water depth in the. The welding method, the bottom chamber is open, and through the work of deep water into the air pressure slightly larger than the pressure of the gas, the indoor air discharge water from the bottom of the openings, welding gas chamber in the dry conducted. MIG welding or commonly used, is th
e underwater welded TIG welding quality, basically, one of the best ways to weld level can land. In the 1970s, no high pressure welding of equipment developed. Germany, Norway, the United States, Britain began in the late 90's no such research and the establishment of high-pressure welding research center. From the mid 80s of last century, a number of research centers began to study 300 ~ 500 m water depth GTAW automatic welding systems and processes, or to test 500 ~ 1000 m water depth replacement of the adaptability of the welding technology. Now France, Germany, Norway, the United States, JEM hyperbaric welding research center operating pressure can reach the equivalent of 1000 m water depth. 90 years from the last century, the operating oil companies have begun to enter the deeper waters. The first water depth in this company should be operating under the Brazilian oil company (that is, the Brazilian national oil company), its operations in the Amazon basin, and depth to 1000 m. In China, along with the development of offshore oil industry, the urgent need to develop with independent intellectual property rights of high-pressure welding technology and dry. In the 2002 "863" program in there on the high-pressure dry underwater welding technology research project
s. By the China Offshore Oil Engineering Corporation, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Petroleum University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Harbin Engineering University, the largest joint R&D Welding depth of 60 m. At present, the basic of the project has completed, the upcoming is sea trials.
● Dry underwater welding technology at atmospheric pressure reactor technology 文章翻译
Dry underwater welding pressure welding quality although better, but its limitations more, especially with the increase of water depth, increasing air pressure around the arc, easy to destroy the stability of arc welding defect arising. Achieved in the absence of fully automated welding cases, the auxiliary diving welder operation, if the water depth exceeds the limit or dive diving high costs can not be implemented. In the technical level is unable to solve these problems, in order to overcome the deficiency of underwater dry welding, 1977, create underwater atmospheric dry welding equipment. In 1977, France LPS company first used this approach in the North Sea water depth 150 m Department successfully welded 426 mm diameter submarine pipeline. China has not yet dry underwater welding equipment at atmospheric pressure.
● Dry underwater welding technology at atmospheric pressure reactor technology 文章翻译
Dry underwater welding pressure welding quality although better, but its limitations more, especially with the increase of water depth, increasing air pressure around the arc, easy to destroy the stability of arc welding defect arising. Achieved in the absence of fully automated welding cases, the auxiliary diving welder operation, if the water depth exceeds the limit or dive diving high costs can not be implemented. In the technical level is unable to solve these problems, in order to overcome the deficiency of underwater dry welding, 1977, create underwater atmospheric dry welding equipment. In 1977, France LPS company first used this approach in the North Sea water depth 150 m Department successfully welded 426 mm diameter submarine pipeline. China has not yet dry underwater welding equipment at atmospheric pressure.
3 Local dry underwater welding technology
Local dry underwater welding technology .There are many ways. The late 70s of last century, Harbin Welding Institute maritime salvage bureau in Shanghai and Tianjin Petroleum Exploration Bureau, with the assistance of local drainage developed underwater CO2 gas shielded welding technology, referred to as LD-CO2 welding, is the local dry-type drain cover method, this method can be used to complete construction of a number of underwater tasks. High-pressure wet pad is applied by the Japanese a way to overcome some shortcomings of curtain-style, in turn the development of the Japanese steel brush. Mobile gas box in 1968, by the first put forward by British and American multinational company after applied to production. France has recently studied a rotary bell-type local dry underwater welding technology. In addition, plasma arc MIG local dry underwater welding is a promising local dry welding technology.
4 Solid-phase connection of underwater technology
● Explosive Welding
Local dry underwater welding technology .There are many ways. The late 70s of last century, Harbin Welding Institute maritime salvage bureau in Shanghai and Tianjin Petroleum Exploration Bureau, with the assistance of local drainage developed underwater CO2 gas shielded welding technology, referred to as LD-CO2 welding, is the local dry-type drain cover method, this method can be used to complete construction of a number of underwater tasks. High-pressure wet pad is applied by the Japanese a way to overcome some shortcomings of curtain-style, in turn the development of the Japanese steel brush. Mobile gas box in 1968, by the first put forward by British and American multinational company after applied to production. France has recently studied a rotary bell-type local dry underwater welding technology. In addition, plasma arc MIG local dry underwater welding is a promising local dry welding technology.
4 Solid-phase connection of underwater technology
● Explosive Welding
In the late 1970s, located within the blessing of Britain, underwater pipeline engineering co
mpany has successfully developed a complete set of pipeline system, using the first explosion welding technology.
● Friction stitch welding
British Welding Institute (TWI) in the mid 80s of last century developed a set of friction for the underwater environment, stud welding systems. The system has the equivalent of 600 m water depth pressure tested, the results show that the welding results from water depth, and has been proved that the system can effectively use the ROV (underwater robot). Recent development is the attempt to underwater friction stud welding friction welding the extension to have the stitched seam friction stitch welding. Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology now has started research in this area and obtained the support of National Natural Science Foundation.
5 Underwater welding technology trends in the 21st century
Though, the above method of underwater welding has been since its emergence, have to rely on their respective strengths in a particular area has been applied. But for now the research of underwater welding underwater welding can not fully meet the requirements of
● Friction stitch welding
British Welding Institute (TWI) in the mid 80s of last century developed a set of friction for the underwater environment, stud welding systems. The system has the equivalent of 600 m water depth pressure tested, the results show that the welding results from water depth, and has been proved that the system can effectively use the ROV (underwater robot). Recent development is the attempt to underwater friction stud welding friction welding the extension to have the stitched seam friction stitch welding. Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology now has started research in this area and obtained the support of National Natural Science Foundation.
5 Underwater welding technology trends in the 21st century
Though, the above method of underwater welding has been since its emergence, have to rely on their respective strengths in a particular area has been applied. But for now the research of underwater welding underwater welding can not fully meet the requirements of
the future construction should be done focuses on the following aspects:
(1) From the welding metallurgy and welding quality assurance point of view, dry underwater welding is most favorable, so in recent years, high-pressure dry underwater welding technology is further developed, but still can not meet the actual demand. At present, the theoretical study for high-voltage arc is not very complete, multi-information fusion technology to achieve intelligent control of the welding process has become the field of high pressure dry welding a new topic.
(2) Underwater welding robot as the particularity of the work environment, an increase of underwater welding robot application difficulty. The future of underwater welding robot should be able to complete the welding of the pretreatment, welding and weld inspection work, therefore, should strive to do, including the precise positioning of underwater robot, robot arm motion control technology, based on visual sensor spatial location of the weld system detection, tracking and underwater welding quality control aspects of the work.
(3) Welding simulation technology to enable the emergence and development of welding technology is undergoing from experience to science, from qualitative to quantitative leap. I
(1) From the welding metallurgy and welding quality assurance point of view, dry underwater welding is most favorable, so in recent years, high-pressure dry underwater welding technology is further developed, but still can not meet the actual demand. At present, the theoretical study for high-voltage arc is not very complete, multi-information fusion technology to achieve intelligent control of the welding process has become the field of high pressure dry welding a new topic.
(2) Underwater welding robot as the particularity of the work environment, an increase of underwater welding robot application difficulty. The future of underwater welding robot should be able to complete the welding of the pretreatment, welding and weld inspection work, therefore, should strive to do, including the precise positioning of underwater robot, robot arm motion control technology, based on visual sensor spatial location of the weld system detection, tracking and underwater welding quality control aspects of the work.
(3) Welding simulation technology to enable the emergence and development of welding technology is undergoing from experience to science, from qualitative to quantitative leap. I
n recent years, numerical simulation of welding technology in depth, breadth, but the simulation of underwater welding is relatively lagging behind, should pay attention and speed up the numerical simulation.
(4) Using computer simulation technology, than in the actual physical model of the installation, commissioning, testing and so the workload is much smaller, and the cycle is short, less investment, show many advantages. In recent years, it developed in the welding process, welding equipment, control systems development and improvement of all aspects of the research application. By welding simulation, help to the idea of a new program, and can find problems early, and this is an area should be studied later.
With the emergence of new requirements of underwater welding and the development of science and technology, the new method of underwater welding and welding tools will continue to emerge and display their unique advantages. Looking ahead, the move towards high-tech underwater welding technology will achieve greater glory.
(4) Using computer simulation technology, than in the actual physical model of the installation, commissioning, testing and so the workload is much smaller, and the cycle is short, less investment, show many advantages. In recent years, it developed in the welding process, welding equipment, control systems development and improvement of all aspects of the research application. By welding simulation, help to the idea of a new program, and can find problems early, and this is an area should be studied later.
With the emergence of new requirements of underwater welding and the development of science and technology, the new method of underwater welding and welding tools will continue to emerge and display their unique advantages. Looking ahead, the move towards high-tech underwater welding technology will achieve greater glory.
水下焊接技术发展史
水下焊接技术是开发海洋、开采海底石油以及组装、维修诸如采油平台、输油管线和海底仓等大型海洋结构的关键技术之一, 也是舰船应急修理、海上救助、桥梁架设等工作的必要技术手段。核电是世界电力发展的趋势，在核电站内部，核反应堆压力容器（RPV）因为长期在水中工作，容易受到应力腐蚀裂纹的破坏，核电结构修复时，会遇到很多挑战。为了减少工作人员所受的核辐射，经常会采用水下焊接方法。水下焊接的分类一般将水下熔焊分为三大类: 湿法、干法和局部干法。其中干法又可以分为高压干法水下焊接和常压干法水下焊接。局部干法则包括排水罩式、高压水帘式、钢刷式、移动气箱式和等离子弧 MIG 局部干法等。采用的焊接方法一般有药皮焊条焊接, GTAW,GMWA以及 FCAW 。水下焊接除熔焊之外还有爆炸焊和 FSW ( friction stitch welding 摩擦叠焊) , 这两种方法都属于固相连接技术。以下为水下焊接的发展历程：
1 水下湿法焊接技术
1802 年, 一位名叫 Humphrey的学者指出电弧能够在水下连续燃烧, 即指出了水下焊接的可能性, 然而其实际应用却是在 100 多年以后, 在不可能把结构物移到陆地上进行焊接的情况下才做到的。1917 年,英国海军船坞的焊工采用水下焊接的方法来封堵位于轮船水下部分漏水
的铆钉缝隙, 这是水下焊接的首次应用。第 一篇正式发表的关于水下焊接研究工作的论文, 是在 1933 年由 Hibshrman 和 Jensen 共同完成的。1932 年, Khrenov 发明了厚药皮水下专用焊条,在焊条外表面涂有防水层, 使水下焊接电弧的稳定性得到了一定程度的改善。到第二次世界大战结束时, 水下焊接技术在打捞沉船等方面已经占有重要地位。1971 年, Humble 石油公司对墨西哥湾钻采平台的水下焊接修理工作是水下焊接技术第一次应用于海洋石油工程。1985 年产生了第一批经过认可的潜水焊工,并制定了水深小于 100m 的水下湿法焊接工艺。1987 年, 水下湿法焊接技术在核电厂不锈钢管道的修理工作中得到应用。上世纪 90 年代, 随着要求修理的水下工程结构的增多以及船坞修理成本的增加,湿法焊接技术得到了进一步的发展。水下焊条的发展对水下湿法焊接的应用起着重要的作用。英国 Hydroweld 公司发展了多种水下焊条,取得了很好的实用效果。美国专利焊条—7018`s 焊条药皮上有一层铝粉, 水下焊接时能产生大量的气体,避免焊缝金属受到侵蚀。德国 Hanover 大学基于渣-气联合保护对熔滴过渡过程的影响和保护机理研制开发了双层自保护药芯焊条。通常水下湿法焊接的水深不超过 100 m, 目前努力的方向是实现 200 m水深湿法焊接技术的突破。早在上世纪 50 年代, 水下湿法焊条电弧焊就已经在我国得到应用。上世纪 60 年代我国开始自行开发水下专用焊条。华南理工大学研制的水下焊条在 30 m水深以内可以获得良好的焊接性能。
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