Designation:A 1016/A 1016M –02a
Standard Specification for
General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel,Austenitic Alloy Steel,and Stainless Steel Tubes 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 1016/A 1016M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e )indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1.Scope *
1.1This specification covers a group of requirements that,unless otherwise specified in an individual specification,shall apply to the ASTM product specifications noted below.
Title of Specification
ASTM
Designation A
Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
A 209/A 209M Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler,Superheater,and Heat-Exchanger Tubes
A 213/A 213M Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler,Superheater,Heat-Exchanger,and Condenser Tubes
A 249/A 249M Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
A 250/A 250M Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
A 268/A 268M Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
A 269Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing A 270Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service
A 334/A 334M Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel Tubes A 423/A 423M Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes A 688/A 688M Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Breeder Reactor Core Components
A 771Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
A 789/A 789M Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes A 803/A 803M Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Breeder Reactor Core Components
A 826High-Frequency Induction Welded,Unannealed Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes
A 851A
These designations refer to the latest issue of the respective specifications.
1.2In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this general require-ments specification,the product specification shall prevail.In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this general requirements specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order,the purchase order shall prevail.
1.3The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,the
SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents;therefore,each system must be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M”designation (SI)of the product specification is specified in the order.
2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:
A 209/A 209M Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A 213/A 213M Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Aus-tenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler,Superheater,and Heat-Exchanger Tubes 2
A 249/A 249M Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler,Superheater,Heat-Exchanger,and Condenser Tubes 2
A 250/A 250M Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes 2A 268/A 268M Specification for Seamless and Welded Fer-ritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service 2
A 269Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service 2
A 270Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing 2
A 334/A 334M Specification for Seamless and Welded Car-bon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service 2A 370Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products 2
A 423/A 423M Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel Tubes 2
A 530/A 530M Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe 2
A 668/A 668M Specification for Welded Austenitic Stain-less Steel Feedwater Heater Tube 2s
A 700Practices for Packaging,Marking,and Loading
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.10on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.
Current edition approved June 10,2002.Published July 2002.Originally published as A 1016/A 1016M -01.Last previous edition A 1016/A 1016M -02.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 01.01.
1
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright ©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.
Methods for Steel Products for Domestic Shipment3
A751Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products4
A771Specification for Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Breeder Reactor Core Components2
A789/A789M Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Ser-vice2
A803/A803M Specification for Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes2
A826Specification for Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Breeder Reactor Core Components2 A851Specification for High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes2
A941Terminology Relating to Steel,Stainless Steel,Re-lated Alloys,and Ferroalloys2
D3951Practice for Commercial Packaging5
E92Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Mate-rials6
E213Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing7
E273Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of the Weld Zone of Welded Pipe and Tubing7
E309Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tu-bular Products Using Magnetic Saturation7
E426Practice for Electromagnetic(Eddy-Current)Exami-nation of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products,Austen-itic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys7
E570Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromag-netic Steel Tubular Products7
2.2ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:
Section IX,Welding Qualifications8
2.3Federal Standard:
Fed.Std.No.183Continuous Identification Marking of Iron and Steel Products9
2.4Military Standards:
MIL-STD-271Nondestructive Testing Requirements for Metals9
MIL-STD-163Steel Mill Products Preparation for Ship-ment and Storage9
MIL-STD-792Identification Marking Requirements for Special Purpose Equipment9
2.5Steel Structures Painting Council:
SSPC-SP6Surface Preparation Specification No.6Com-mercial Blast Cleaning10
2.6Other Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
Personnel Qualification and Certification11
AIAG Bar Code Symbology Standard12
3.Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1The definitions in Test Methods and Defini-tions A370,Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology A751, and Terminology A941are applicable to this specification and to those listed in1.1.
3.1.2heat,n—in secondary melting,all of the ingots remelted from a single primary heat.
3.1.3imperfection,n—any discontinuity or irregularity found in a tube.
4.Manufacture
4.1The steel shall made by any process.
4.2The primary melting is permitted to incorporate separate degassing or refining and is permitted to be followed by secondary melting,such as electroslag remelting or vacuum-arc remelting.
4.3When steel of different grades is sequentially strand cast,the resultant transition material shall be removed using an established procedure that positively separates the grades.
5.Ordering Information
5.1It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for product ordered under the product specification.Such requirements to be considered include,but are not limited to,the following:
5.1.1Quantity(feet,metres,or number of pieces),
5.1.2Name of material(stainless steel tubing),
5.1.3Method of manufacture,when applicable(seamless or welded),
5.1.4Grade or UNS number,
5.1.5Size(outside diameter and average or minimum wall thickness),
5.1.6Length(specific or random),
5.1.7Endfinish if required,
5.1.8Optional requirements,
5.1.9Specific type of melting,if required,
5.1.10Test report requirements,
5.1.11Specification designation and year of issue,and 5.1.12Special requirements or any supplementary require-ments,or both.
6.Chemical Composition
6.1Chemical Analysis—Samples for chemical analysis,and method of analysis,shall be in accordance with Test Methods, Practices,and Terminology A751.
6.2Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat of steel shall be made by the steel manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specified.If secondary melting processes are employed,the heat analysis shall be obtained from one
3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol01.05.
4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol01.03.
5Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol15.09.
6Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol03.01.
7Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol03.03.
8Available from the ASME International Headquarters,Three Park Ave.,New York,NY10016–5990.
9Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,Bldg.4Section D,700 Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA19111-5098,Attn:NPODS.
10Available from Steel Structures Painting Council,4024th St.,6th Floor, Pittsburgh,PA15222–4656.
11Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing,P.O.Box28518, 1711Arlingate Ln.,Columbus,OH43228–0518.
12Available from Automotive Industry Action Group,26200Lahser Rd.,Suite 200,Southfield,MI
48034.
remelted ingot or the product of one remelted ingot of each
primary melt.The chemical composition thus determined,or
that determined from a product analysis made by the tubular
product manufacturer,shall conform to the requirements speci-
fied in the product specification.
6.3Product Analysis—Product analysis requirements and
options,if any,shall be as contained in the product specifica-
tion.
7.Tensile Properties
7.1The material shall conform to the tensile property
requirements prescribed in the individual product specification.
7.2The yield strength,when specified,shall be determined
corresponding to a permanent offset of0.2%of the gage length
or to a total extension of0.5%of the gage length under load.
7.3If the percentage of elongation of any test specimen is
less than that specified and any part of the fracture is more than 3⁄4in.[19.0mm]from the center of the gage length,as indicated by scribe marks on the specimen before testing,a
retest shall be allowed.
8.Standard Mass per Unit Length
8.1The calculated mass per foot,based upon a specified minimum wall thickness,shall be determined by the following equation(see Note1):
W5C~D–t!t(1) where:
C=10.69[0.0246615],
W=mass per unit length,lb/ft[kg/m],
D=specified outside diameter,in.[mm],and
t=specified minimum wall thickness,in.[mm].
N OTE1—The calculated masses given by Eq1are based on the masses for carbon steel tubing.The m
ass of tubing made of ferritic stainless steels may be up to about5%less,and that made of austenitic stainless steel up to about2%greater than the values given.Mass of ferritic/austenitic (duplex)stainless steel will be intermediate to the mass of fully austenitic and fully ferritic stainless steel tubing.
8.2The permitted variations from the calculated mass per foot[kilogram per meter]shall be as prescribed in Table1.
9.Permitted Variations in Wall Thickness
9.1Variations from the specified minimum wall thickness shall not exceed the amounts prescribed in Table2.
9.2For tubes2in.[50mm]and over in outside diameter and 0.220in.[5.6mm]and over in thickness,the variation in wall thickness in any one cross section of any one tube shall not exceed the following percentage of the actual mean wall at the section.The actual mean wall is defined as the average of the thickest and thinnest wall in that section.
Seamless tubes610%
Welded tubes65%
9.3When cold-finished tubes as ordered require wall thick-nesses3⁄4in.[19.1mm]or over,or an inside diameter60%or less of the outside diameter,the permitted variations in wall thickness for hot-finished tubes shall apply.
10.Permitted Variations in Outside Diameter
10.1Except as provided in10.2.1,10.3,and25.10.4, variations from the specified outside diameter shall not exceed the amounts prescribed in Table3.
10.2Thin-wall tubes usually develop significant ovality (out-of-roundness)duringfinal annealing,or straightening,or both.Thin-wall tubes are defined as those with a specified wall
TABLE1Permitted Variations in Mass Per Foot A
Method of Manufacture Permitted Variation in Mass
per Foot,%
Over Under
Seamless,hot-finished160
Seamless,cold-finished
11⁄2in.[38mm]and under OD120
Over11⁄2in.[38mm]OD130
Welded100
A These permitted variations in mass apply to lots of50tubes or more in sizes 4in.[101.6mm]and under in outside diameter,and to lots of20tubes or more in sizes over4in.[101.6mm]in outside diameter.
TABLE2Permitted Variations in Wall Thickness A
Wall Thickness,%
Outside
Diameter
in.[mm]
0.095
[2.4]
and
Under
Over0.095
to0.150
[2.4to
3.8],incl
Over0.150
to0.0180
[3.8to
4.6],incl
Over
0.180
[4.6]
Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Seamless,Hot-Finished Tubes
4[100]
and
under
400350330280
Over4
[100]
(350330280)
Seamless,Cold-Finished Tubes
Over Under
11⁄2[38.1]and under200
Over11⁄2[38.1]220
Welded Tubes
All sizes180
A These permitted variations in wall thickness apply only to tubes,except internal-upset tubes,as rolled or cold-finished,and before swaging,expanding, bending,polishing,or other fabricating operations.
TABLE3Permitted Variations in Outside Diameter A
Specified Outside Diameter,Permitted Variations,in.[mm]
in.[mm]Over Under
Hot-Finished Seamless Tubes
4[100]or under1⁄64[0.4]1⁄32[0.8]
Over4to71⁄2[100to200],incl1⁄64[0.4]3⁄64[1.2]
Over71⁄2to9[200to225],incl1⁄64[0.4]1⁄16[1.6] Welded Tubes and Cold-Finished Seamless Tubes
Under1[25]0.004[0.1]0.004[0.11]
1to11⁄2[25to40],incl0.006[0.15]0.006[0.15] Over11⁄2to2[40to50],excl0.008[0.2]0.008[0.2]
2to21⁄2[50to65],excl0.010[0.25]0.010[0.25]
21⁄2to3[65to75],excl0.012[0.3]0.012[0.3]
3to4[75to100],incl0.015[0.38]0.015[0.38] Over4to71⁄2[100to200],incl0.015[0.38]0.025[0.64] Over71⁄2to9[200to225],incl0.015[0.38]0.045[1.14]
A Except as provided in10.2and10.3,these permitted variations include out-of-roundness.These permitted variations in outside diameter apply to hot-finished seamless,welded and cold-finished seamless tubes before other fabri-cating operations such as upsetting,swaging,expanding,bending,or
polishing.
3%or less than the specified OD,or with a wall specified as 0.020in.[0.5mm]or less.
10.2.11The diameter tolerances of Table 3are not sufficient to provide for additional ovality expected in thin-wall tubes,and,for such tubes,are applicable only to the mean of the extreme (maximum and minimum)outside diameter readings in any one cross section.However,for thin wall tubes the difference in extreme outside diameter readings (ovality)in any one cross section shall not exceed the following ovality allowances:
Outside Diameter,in.[mm]Ovality Allowance
1[25.4]and under 0.020[0.5]
Over 1[25.4]
2.0%of specified outside diameter
10.3For cold-finished seamless austenitic and ferritic/austenitic tubes,an ovality allowance is necessary for all sizes less than 2in.[50.8mm]outside diameter,because they are likely to become out of round during their final heat treatment.For such tubes,the maximum and minimum outside diameter at any cross section shall not deviate from the nominal diameter by more than 60.010in.[60.25mm].However,the mean diameter at that cross section must still be within the given permitted variation given in Table 3.In the event of conflict between the provisions of 10.2.1and those of 10.3,the larger value of ovality tolerance shall apply.
10.4When the specified wall is 2%or less of the specified OD,the method of measurement is per agreement between purchaser and manufacturer (see Note 2).
N OTE 2—Very thin wall tubing may not be stiff enough for the outside diameter to be accurately measured with a point contact method,such as with the use of a micrometer or caliper.When very thin
walls are specified,“go”–“no go”ring gages are commonly used to measure diameters of 11⁄2in.[38.1mm]or less.A .002in.[0.05mm]additional tolerance is usually added on the “go”ring gage to allow clearance for sliding.On larger diameters,measurement is commonly performed with a pi tape.Other methods,such as optical methods,may also be considered.
11.Permitted Variations in Length
11.1Variations from the specified length shall not exceed the amounts prescribed in Table 4.
12.Permitted Variations in Height of Flash on Electric-Resistance-Welded Tubes
12.1For tubes over 2in.[50.8mm]in outside diameter,or over 0.135in.[3.44mm]in wall thickness,the flash on the inside of the tubes shall be mechanically removed by cutting to a maximum height of 0.010in.[0.25mm]at any point on the tube.
12.2For tubes 2in.[50.8mm]and under in outside diameter and 0.135in.[3.44mm]and under in wall thickness,the flash on the inside of the tube shall be mechanically removed by cutting to a maximum height of 0.006in.[0.15mm]at any point on the tube.
13.Straightness and Finish
13.1Finished tubes shall be reasonably straight and have smooth ends free of burrs.They shall have a workmanlike finish.It is permitted to remove surface imperfections by grinding,provided that a smooth curved surface is maintained,and the wall thickness is not decreased to less than that permitted by this or the product specification,or the purchase order.The outside diameter at the point of grinding may be reduced by the amount so removed.
14.Repair by Welding
14.1Repair welding of base metal defects in tubing is permitted only with the approval of the purchaser and with the further understanding that the tube shall be marked “WR”and the composition of the deposited filler metal shall be suitable for the composition being welded.Defects shall be thoroughly chipped or ground out before welding and each repaired length shall be reheat treated or stress relieved as required by the applicable specification.Each length of repaired tube shall be examined by a nondestructive test as required by the product specification.
14.2Repair welding shall be performed using procedures and welders or welding operators that have been qualified in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section IX.
15.Retests
15.1If the results of the mechanical tests of any group or lot do not conform to the requirements specified in the individual specification,retests may be made on additional tubes of double the original number from the same group or lot,each of which shall conform to the requirements specified.
16.Reheat Treatment
16.1If the individual tubes or the tubes selected to represent any group or lot fail to conform to the test requirements,the individual tubes or the group or lot represented may be reheat treated and resubmitted for test.Not more than two reheat treatments shall be permitted.
17.Test Specimens
17.1Test specimens shall be taken from the ends of finished tubes prior to upsetting,swaging,expanding,or other forming operations,or being cut to length.They shall be smooth on the ends and free of burrs and flaws.
17.2If any test specimen shows flaws or defective machin-ing,it may be discarded and another specimen substituted.18.Method of Mechanical Testing
18.1The specimens and mechanical tests required shall be made in accordance with Test Methods an
d Definitions A 370.18.2Specimens shall be tested at room temperature.
TABLE 4Permitted Variations in Length A
Method of Manufacture
Specified Outside Diameter,in.
[mm]Cut Length,in.[mm]Over Under Seamless,hot-finished All sizes 3⁄
16[5]0[0]Seamless,cold-finished Under 2[50.8]1⁄8
[3]0[0]2[50.8]or over 3⁄16[5]0[0]Welded
Under 2[50.8]1⁄8[3]0[0]2[50.8]or over
3⁄16[5]
0[0]
A
These permitted variations in length apply to tubes before bending.They apply to cut lengths up to and including 24ft [7.3m].For lengths greater than 24ft [7.3m],the above over-tolerances shall be increased by 1⁄8in.[3mm]for each 10ft [3m]or fraction thereof over 24ft or 1⁄2in.[13mm],whichever is the
lesser.
18.3Small or subsize specimens as described in Test Methods and Definitions A370may be used only when there is insufficient material to prepare one of the standard speci-mens.When using small or subsize specimens,the largest one possible shall be used.
19.Flattening Test
19.1A section of tube not less than21⁄2in.[60mm]in length for seamless tubes and not less than4in.[100mm]in length for welded tubes shall beflattened cold between parallel plates in two steps.For welded tubes,the weld shall be placed 90°from the direction of the applied force(at a point of maximum bending).During thefirst step,which is a test for ductility,no cracks or breaks,except as provided for in19.4,on the inside,outside,or end surfaces shall occur in seamless tubes,or on the inside or outside surfaces of welded tubes,until the distance between the plates is less than the value of H calculated by the following equation:
H5~11e!t
e1t/D(2)
where:
H=distance betweenflattening plates,in.[mm],
t=specified wall thickness of the tube,in.[mm],
D=specified outside diameter of the tube,in.[mm],and e=deformation per unit length(constant for a given grade of steel:0.07for medium-carbon steel(maximum
specified carbon0.19%or greater),0.08for ferritic
alloy steel,0.09for austenitic steel,and0.09for
low-carbon steel(maximum specified carbon0.18%
or less)).
During the second step,which is a test for soundness,the flattening shall be continued until the specimen breaks or the opposite walls of the tube meet.Evidence of laminated or unsound material,or of incomplete weld that is revealed during the entireflattening test shall be cause for rejection.
19.2Surface imperfections in the test specimens before flattening,but revealed during thefirst step of theflattening test,shall be judged in accordance with thefinish requirements.
19.3Superficial ruptures resulting from surface imperfec-tions shall not be cause for rejection.
19.4When low D-to-t ratio tubular products are tested, because the strain imposed due to geometry is unreasonably high on the inside surface at the six and twelve o’clock locations,cracks at these locations shall not be cause for rejection if the D-to-t ratio is less than10.
20.Reverse Flattening Test
20.1A section4in.[100mm]in length offinished welded tubing in sizes down to and including1⁄2in.[12.7mm]in outside diameter shall be split longitudinally90°on each side of the weld and the sample opened andflattened with the weld at the point of maximum bend.There shall be no evidence of cracks or lack of penetration or overlaps resulting fromflash removal in the weld.
21.Reverse Bend Test
21.1A section4in.[100mm]minimum in length shall be split longitudinally90°on each side of the weld.The sample shall then be opened and bent around a mandrel with a maximum thickness of four times the wall thickness,with the mandrel parallel to the weld and against the original outside surface of the tube.The weld shall be at the point of maximum bend.There shall be no evidence of cracks or of overlaps resulting from the reduction in thickness of the weld area by cold working.When the geometry or size of the tubing make it difficult to test the sample as a single piece,the sample may be sectioned into smaller pieces provided a minimum of4in.of weld is subjected to reverse bending.
21.2The reverse bend test is not applicable when the wall is 10%or more of the specified outside diameter,or the wall thickness is0.134in.[3.4mm]or greater,or the outside diameter is less than0.375in.[9.5mm].Under these condi-tions,the reverseflattening test shall apply.
22.Flaring Test
22.1A section of tube approximately4in.[100mm]in length shall stand beingflared with a tool having a60°included angle until the tube at the mouth of theflare has been expanded to the percentages specified in Table5without cracking or showing imperfections rejectable under the provisions of the pro
duct specification.
23.Flange Test
23.1A section of tube shall be capable of having aflange turned over at a right angle to the body of the tube without cracking or showing imperfections rejectable under the provi-sions of the product specification.The width of theflange for carbon and alloy steels shall be not less than the percentages specified in Table6.For the austenitic grades,the width of the flange for all sizes listed in Table6shall be not less than15%.
24.Hardness Test
24.1For tubes with wall thickness0.200in.[5.1mm]or over,either the Brinell or Rockwell hardness test shall be used. When Brinell hardness testing is used,a10-mm ball with3000, 1500,or500-kg load,or a5-mm ball with750-kg load shall be used,at the option of the manufacturer.
24.2For tubes with wall thickness0.065in.[1.7mm]or over but less than0.200in.[5.1mm],the Rockwell hardness test shall be used.
24.3For tubes with wall thickness less than0.065in.[1.7 mm],the hardness test shall not be required.
TABLE5Flaring Test Requirements
Minimum Expansion of Inside Diameter,% Ratio of Inside
Diameter to Specified
Outside Diameter A
Carbon,Carbon-Molybdenum,
and Other Ferritic Alloy Steels
Austenitic Steels
0.92115
0.82217
0.72519
0.63023reactor pressure vessel
0.53928
0.45138
0.36850
A In determining the ratio of inside diameter to specified outside diameter,the inside diameter shall be defined as the actual mean inside diameter of the material
tested.
24.4The Brinell hardness test shall,at the option of the manufacturer,be made on the outside of the tube near the end,on the outside of a specimen cut from the tube,or on the wall cross section of a specimen cut from the tube.This test shall be made so that the distance from the center of the impression to the edge of the specimen is at least 2.5times the diameter of the impression.
24.5The Rockwell hardness test shall,at the option of the manufacturer,be made on the inside surface,on the wall cross section,or on a flat on the outside surface.
24.6For tubes furnished with upset,swaged,or otherwise formed ends,the hardness test shall be made as prescribed in 24.1and 24.2on the outside of the tube near the end after the forming operation and heat treatment.
24.7For welded or brazed tubes,the hardness test shall be made away from the joints.
24.8When the product specification provides for Vickers hardness,such testing shall be in accordance with Test Method E 92.
25.Nondestructive Examination
25.1Except as provided in 26.1,each tube shall be exam-ined by a nondestructive examination method in accordance with Practice E 213,Practice E 309(for ferromagnetic mate-rials),Practice E 426(for non-magnetic materials),or Practice E 570.Upon agreement,Practice E 273shall be employed in addition to one of the full periphery tests.The range of tube sizes that may be examined by each method shall be subject to the limitations in the scope of that practice.In case of conflict between these methods and practices and this specification,the requirements of this specification shall prevail.
25.2The following information is for the benefit of the user of this specification.
25.2.1Calibration standards for the nondestructive electric test are convenient standards for calibration of nondestructive testing equipment only.For several reasons,including shape,orientation,width,and so forth,the correlation between the signal produced in the electric test from an imperfection and from calibration standards is only approximate.A purchaser interested in ascertaining the nature (type,size,location,and orientation)of discontinuities that can be detected in the specific application of these examinations should discuss this with the manufacturer of the tubular product.
25.2.2The ultrasonic examination referred to in this speci-fication is intended to detect longitudinal discontinuities having a reflective area similar to or larger than the calibration reference notches specified in 25.8.The examination may not detect circumferentially oriented imperfections or short,deep defects.
25.2.3The eddy current examination referenced in this specification has the capability of detecting significant discon-
tinuities,especially of the short abrupt type.Practices E 309and E 426contain additional information regarding the capa-bilities and limitations of eddy-current examination.
25.2.4The flux leakage examination referred to in this specification is capable of detecting the presence and location of significant longitudinally or transversely oriented disconti-nuities.The provisions of this specification only provide for longitudinal calibration for flux leakage.It should be recog-nized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections.
25.2.5The hydrostatic test referred to in Section 25is a test method provided for in many product specifications.This test has the capability of finding defects of a size permitting the test fluid to leak through the tube wall and may be either visually seen or detected by a loss of pressure.This test may not detect very tight,through-the-wall defects or defects that extend an appreciable distance into the wall without complete penetra-tion.
25.2.6A purchaser interested in ascertaining the nature (type,size,location,and orientation)of discontinuities that can be detected in the specific application of these examinations should discuss this with the manufacturer of the tubular products.
25.3Time of Examination —Nondestructive examination for specification acceptance shall be performed after all deforma-tion processing,heat treating,welding,and straightening op-erations.This requirement does not preclude additional testing at earlier stages in the processing.25.4Surface Condition :
25.4.1All surfaces shall be free of scale,dirt,grease,paint,or other foreign material that could interfere with interpretation of test results.The methods used for cleaning and preparing the surfaces for examination shall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surface finish.
25.4.2Excessive surface roughness or deep scratches can produce signals that interfere with the test.25.5Extent of Examination :
25.5.1The relative motion of the tube and the transducer(s),coil(s),or sensor(s)shall be such that the entire tube surface is scanned,except for end effects as noted in 24.5.2.
25.5.2The existence of end effects is recognized,and the extent of such effects shall be determined by the manufacturer,and,if requested,shall be reported to the purchaser.Other nondestructive tests may be applied to the end areas,subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.25.6Operator Qualifications :
25.6.1The test unit operator shall be certified in accordance with SNT TC-1-A,or an equivalent documented standard agreeable to both purchaser and manufacturer.25.7Test Conditions :
25.7.1For examination by the ultrasonic method,the mini-mum nominal transducer frequency shall be 2.0MHz,and the maximum transducer size shall be 1.5in.[38mm].
25.7.2For eddy current testing,the excitation coil fre-quency shall be chosen to ensure adequate penetration,yet provide good signal-to-noise ratio.
25.7.2.1The maximum coil frequency shall be:
TABLE 6Flange Requirements
Specified Outside Diameter of Tube,in.[mm]
Width of Flange
To 21⁄2[63.5],incl
15%of Specified Outside Diameter Over 21⁄2to 33⁄4[63.5to 95.2],incl 121⁄2%of Specified Outside Diameter Over 33⁄4to 8[95.2to 203.2],incl
10%of Specified Outside
Diameter
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