试卷编号：19009
2019年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试
上海英语模拟试卷
iREAD中学英语测评（命题）研究中心
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Directions：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Mission 2050
Following the success of the Mars 500 mission, the International Space Agency（ISA）has decided to carry out a more extended simulated（模拟的）space mission.…Mission 2050‟will send seven volunteers ___21___（live）for ten years at an isolated, top-secret location, known as…Novaterra‟.
V olunteers cannot leave the mission ___22___ they are critically ill. They ___23___ only contact their families and friends every three months by email.
The climate and environment of…Novaterra‟___24___（adapt）to reflect what is known about Mars. The mission will be closely monitored by scientists, doctors and psychologists ___25___（research）how to set up real space colonies in the future. ___26___ will be promoted as an important symbol of international co-operation.
Its mission statement is to:
●involve people ___27___ a cross-section of nationalities, races and social backgrounds
●study ___28___ people of different sexes, ages, react under these conditions
●study the needs and behavior of any children born into these conditions, etc.
●find out the most important characteristics ___29___（need）by future space travelers.
The ISA will provide food capsules for three years, but the volunteers should become self-sufficient after this. Water, emergency medical supplies, blankets and basic shelter will also be provided. The vol
unteers will attend a course ___30___ covers survival skills, agriculture and first aid, but practical skills that volunteers can bring will of course be an advantage.
Section B
Directions：Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once.
Getting ahead in the 21st century
Have you ever wondered whether you have the skill that you need to succeed in the 21st century? We have the answers.
1. Keep learning
Ten years ago, nobody was designing apps for mobile phones or using social media to reach new customers. Now these are popular jobs for ___31___. As the world of work changes, we need to chan
ge, too. In the past, you just had to ask your uncle to get you a job in his company. These days we need to ___32___ our strengths and constantly improve our skills. Business guru Heinz Landau suggests spending ten percent of your time on ___33___ improvement; for example, learning a language or a new computer programme. As somebody once said,…If you work hard on your job, you can make a living. But if you work hard on yourself, you can make a fortune.‟
2. Learn how to manage your time
Whatever you do these days, you probably have more work and less time than you want. To meet these ___34___, everyone needs strategies to be effective and productive. That means, for example, avoiding ___35___. Julie Morgenstern, author of Never Check E-mail in the Morning, ___36___ using the first hours of the working day to deal with your most important projects. Too often, she says, we start the day with our emails and before we realise, it‟s time for lunch. Other tips include shutting the door to your office（if you have one）and only going to meeting if they are ___37___.
3. Build up a(n) ___38___ network
Don‟t forget: it‟s not what you know, it‟s who you know. This old saying will holds ___39___ today. Talent, imagination and hard work are important, but your ___40___ are also important. So keep in tou
ch with as many people as possible, help them when you can and maybe one day they will be able to help you, too. And if that doesn‟t work, you can always ask your uncle for a job!
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Where do new words come from? Few are purely ___41___, in the sense of being coined from a string of sounds chosen more or less at random. Most tend to be existing words given new meaning. ___42___, a word changes its parts of speech. And in some of the most creative instances, people chop words and ___43___ them to make new ones.
“New Danish Words, With Origin”a book by Jorgen Norby Jensen, shows how ___44___ new Danish forms are created by Danes from Danish roots for specifically Danish circumstances. Instead, the great majority come, one way or another, from English.
The ___45___ examples a re those that are borrowed wholesale. Mr Jensen offers“foodie”，“selfie”，“
clickbait”，“blog”and“Brexit”. Words of more exotic（国外的）origin include“emoji”and“barista”，which have their origins in Japanese and Italian. But these too, Mr Jensen writes, come through English, not ___46___ from those languages.
In another category are“___47___”words and expressions that are unknown to English-speakers. Danes have long said that someone who is fresh and ready to go is“fit for fight”. Such faux-anglicisms are common in other languages too: the German Handy（mobile phone）or Kicker（table football），or the French tennisman and tenniswoman. Although linguistic（语言学的）experts in these countries ___48___ these words—it is bad enough to have to borrow English words, but even worse to counterfeit（）them, they cannot seem to stop them. But the book of new Danish words shows an even deeper kind of ___49___. Even where words appear Danish, they are often simply part-for-part translations of English words: vejvrede is“road rage”，undskyld mit franske is“pardon my French”，and svingvaelger,“swing voter”. This shows that globalisation is not only in the surface traffic of words, but in the deeper exchange of ___50___.
This is not to say that other languages do not ___51___ coin their own words anymore. In Dannish, svenskerhar and bundeslighar,“Swede hair”or“Bundesliga hair”，both refer to the cut known in English as a mullet. And curling-foraeldre,“curling parents”，is an interesting ___52___ on“helicopter parents”:
rather than hovering over their children, they sweep all obstacles out of their way.
So English borrowing is not entirely ___53___ native creativity, even if the heavy thumbprint of English on virtually every language in the globalized world is increasingly clear. This is not because English is particularly wonderful or flexible in itself; it is more to do with the influence of innovations from English speaking countries. It may be that the spread of concepts from English out, rather than the other way round, is in fact to the discredit of the English-speaking world. Words spread from English because people learn English; cultural secrets
are more likely to be ___54___ in other cultures where outsiders cannot find them. Perhaps English speakers are the real ___55___ in this exchange.
41. A. invented    B. chosen    C. pronounced    D. known
42. A. Without any reason    B. On the whole
C. To some degree
D. In other cases
43. A. re-read    B. repeated    C. re-discover    D. recombine
44. A. often    B. rarely    C. slowly    D. fast
45. A. obvious    B. strange    C. abstract    D. conflicting
46. A. reasonably    B. surprisingly    C. directly    D. necessarily
47. A. German    B. Danish    C. English    D. French
48. A. criticize    B. accept    C. use    D. remove
49. A. knowledge    B. influence    C. concern    D. prejudice
50. A. standards    B. promises    C. statements    D. concepts
51. A. apparently    B. creatively    C. purposefully    D. patiently
52. A. remark    B. twist    C. emphasis    D. attack
53. A. replacing    B. promoting    C. demanding    D. rewarding
54. A. introduced    B. revealed    C. buried    D. protected
55. A. importers    B. exporters    C. gainers    D. losers
Section B
Directions：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
If you watch wolves, it‟s hard to escape the conclusion that perhaps no two species are more alike behaviorally than wolves and humans. We can easily recognize the social structures in wolf packs. No wonder human males often face pressure to measure up as“alpha”males—to“wolf up”，as it were. The term alpha male implies a man who at every mome nt demonstrates that he‟s in control in the home and who can become aggressive.
This alpha male stereotype（固定印象）comes from a misunderstanding of the real thing.
“The main characteristic of an alpha male wolf,” the wolf researcher Rick McIntyre told me as we were watching gray wolves in Y ellowstone National Park, “is a quiet confidence, quiet self-assurance.”
The point is, alpha males are not aggressive. There is an evolutionary logic to it.
“Imagine two wolf packs, or two human tribes,” McIntyre said. “Which is more likely to survive and reproduce: the one whose members are more cooperative, more sharing, less violent with one another, or the group whose members are beating each other up and competing with one another?”
McIntyre has spent 20 years watching and studying wolves in Y ellowstone for the National Park Service. He rises early, uses radio telemetry to locate a pack through a radio-collared pack member, then heads out with his spotting scope to observe the animals, keeping careful notes of their activities. In all that time, he has rarely seen an alpha male act aggressively toward the pack‟s other members.
This does not mean that alpha males are not tough when they need to be. One famous wolf in Y ellowstone whose radio collar number, 21, b ecame his name, was considered a “super wolf” by the people who closely observed the arc of his life. He was fierce in defense of family and apparently never lost a fight with a rival pack. Y et within his own pack, one of his favorite things was to wrestle with little wolves and to pretend to lose.
One year, a pup was a bit sickly. The other pups seemed to be afraid of him and wouldn‟t play with him. Once,
after delivering food for the small pups, 21 stood looking around for something. Soon he started wagging his tail. He‟d been looking for the sickly little pup, and he went over just to hang out with him for a while.
Of all McIntyre‟s stories about the super wolf, that‟s his favorite. Strength impresses us. But kindness is what we remember best.
56. W hat do people usually think of“alpha males”?
A. They are the group of wolves that resemble humans most.
B. They are dominant not only at home but also away from home.
C. They are fond of fighting against pressure from opponents.
D. They are a necessary part of humans‟social structures.
57. McIntyre is quoted in paragraph 5 in order to ______.
A. show alpha male wolves‟ characteristic helps their packs survive
B. prove cooperative wolves are more likely to be alpha male wolves
C. stress that being willing to share is what wolves have in common
D. illustrate than an alpha male wolf is born to be touch and aggressive
58. After a wolf pack gets a prey（猎物），what will an alpha male wolf most likely do?
A. Compete with other pack members
B. Keep it in a place unknown to his pack
C. Wait until his pack has eaten and is full
D. Make sure that no pack member eats it alone
59. It is 21‟s _____ that will leave McIntyre and the writer a lasting impression.
A. attack
B. defense
C. strength
D. kindness
（B）
Dear Thomas and Luke,
Thanks for your question. First of all, I should mention that not all birds have their eyes on the sides of their heads. Pigeons, parrots and sparrows do, but other birds, such as owls and hawks, have large eyes placed close together at the front of their heads.
Whether they have eyes at the front or on the sides of their heads, all birds can still see straight ahead. But that doesn‟t mean all birds see things in the same way. In fact, where a bird‟s eyes are on its head can tel l us a lot about how it sees the world.
Where a bird‟s eyes are on its head affects its field of vision—that‟s how much it can see in front and to the side at any one time. Think about how far you can see to either side without turning your head: these are the limits of your own field of vision.
Because owls have eyes at the front of their heads, they have a smaller field of vision—around 150 degrees for a barn owl.
Parrots, pigeons and other birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a much bigger field of vision, of about 300 degrees. Amazingly, this means that they can see in front and a long way to the side, at the same time. Where the eyes are placed decides how a bird views its surroundings using different types of vision. Binocular vision means both eyes focus on the same object at the same time, and eye movement is coordinated—this is the kind of vision that predatory birds such as owls rely on most. Monocular vision means each eye is focused on a different object at any particular moment, and this is normal for parrots and pigeons. Having different kinds of vision helps different kinds of birds survive in the wild.
For parrots and pigeons, having eyes on the sides of their heads is a huge advantage. Having a wider field of vision with only a small blind spot behind them lets these birds see where they are going, while also keeping an eye out for predators which might be trying to attack them.
For predatory raptors such as barn owls, having forward-facing eyes helps them to see depth and distance much more clearly, since both eyes can focus on the same object at the same time. This is perfect for spotting and catching small prey such as field mice.
react面试题及答案2019
So though it might seem like birds with eyes on the side of their heads can‟t see where they are goin g, they can see forward and sideways at the same time, and in fact can see much more than those with eyes facing forwards.
60. Which of the following is most likely to be Thomas and Luke‟s question?
A. Which kind of birds can see farthest than others?
B. Do birds see with their eyes, like we do, or with something else.
C. Bird‟s eyes are on the side so how do they see where they‟re going?
D. Birds have eyes that vary in size so why can they see to either side?
61. The picture on the right shows _____ field of vision.
A. parrots‟
B. pigeons‟
C. sparrows‟
D. owls‟
62. Which of the following statements is true of the birds that have eyes on the sides?
A. They can focus on two things at the same time.
B. They have a relatively bigger blind spot behind.
C. They can see either see forward or sideways at a time.
D. They are better at locating and catching small animals.
（C）
Monstrous oceanic waves are able to transport boulders（巨石）weighing hundreds of tonnes. The finding helps explain how huge rocks end up atop high cliffs and also implies that storm waves can be more powerful and dangerous than previously thought.
Until recently, the heaviest rock known to have been transported by waves was about 200 tonnes. Now Ronadh Cox of Williams College in Massachusetts and her colleagues have found a new record holder: a 620-tonne boulder, equivalent to roughly three Statues of Liberty.
Cos found the boulder on the west coast of Ireland. The region was struck by some huge storms during the winter of 2013-2014. When she and her team examined photographs taken before and after the storms, they found the massive boulder had been moved about 2.5 metres.
Many researchers didn‟t think such heavy boulders could be moved by storm waves, says Cox.“Calculations and force-balancing equations suggested that storm waves did not have sufficient power, so there were people who argued strongly that only tsunamis were capable of moving such huge blocks,”she says.
However, advances in buoy technology（浮标技术）are making possible more detailed measurements of storm waves, and we now know they can produce huge forces.“It‟s fun to show that these giant boulders were moved around during storms, and to imagine the wild energy of the waves,”Cox says.
Perhaps the most important part of the new work is its application to assessing dangers caused by waves to coastal areas. The team tracked not only the biggest boulders, but also the distribution of more than a thousand smaller boulders at many sites along Ireland‟s western coast. Cox says the pattern of boulder movements is a guide to the kinds of wave forces that Ireland‟s coast, and other like it, might face during future storms.
In December, Ireland‟s Environmental Protection Agency published a report suggesting that storms may become more intense because of climate change; therefore, knowing just how powerful waves can be may prove vital for protecting coastlines where people are living.
“A wave that can move a 600-tonne rock can also move anything else that‟s 600 tonnes,”says Cox.“And if storminess increases, as it may well with climate change, then that kind of wave power, currently occurring on remote, exposed coastlines, might be coming to coastlines that do not currently experience it.”
Cox says it is unlikely the 620-tonne boulder is the biggest object that ocean waves can move. There are boulders in the study area that are even heavier and they bear signs of wave transport. However, they didn‟t move during the storms in question, so we don‟t yet have definitive evidence that waves can move them.

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