独立主格结构
(要点精讲)
一、总述
1．什么是独立主格结构？
短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。当句子的主语不能够作这些短语的逻辑主语时就需要给它们加上一个逻辑主语（名词或代词），这种“名词、代词＋短语”的结构就叫做独立主格结构。如：
The rain beginning to fall, we took a taxi. 雨开始下了，我们坐出租车。
She ran to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬。
2．功能
独立主格结构在句子中作状语，相当于一个状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、方式或补充说明等。这类结构多用于书面语中。如：
(1)作时间状语
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
=When everyone was ready, the teacher began his class.
每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。
(2)作条件状语
Weather permitting, we will go swimming tomorrow.
=If weather permits, we will go swimming tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天会去游泳。
(3)作原因状语
The boy being late, his teacher was very angry.
=As the boy was late, his teacher was very angry.
因为这个男孩迟到了，他的老师非常生气。
(4)作伴随状语
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
=The boy lay on the grass, and his eyes were looking at the sky.
那个男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。
(5)表补充说明
All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened.
=All this time, they were fast asleep, and all of them knew nothing about what had happened.
那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。
3．特点
(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
(2)此结构中没有谓语动词，而前面的名词或代词在意思上是后面部分的主语（逻辑主语），后面部分在意思上是前面的名词或代词的谓语（逻辑谓语）。
如：
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk有自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）
=When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost的逻辑主语是the key，lost也可以用完成式having been lost）
=Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
(3)独立主格结构和主句之间不使用任何连接词连接，独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开。
二、结构
独立主格结构是由两部分的词组组成。第一部分一般由名词、名词词组或代词担任，第二部分由动词的非谓语形式（动词不定式、现在分词短语和过去分词短语）、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语担任。这两部分在逻辑意义上有主谓关系，即第一部分是第二部分的逻辑主语。
1．名词/代词+现在分词（短语）
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。
The commander rode on, blood flowing from his right side.
指挥官骑马继续跑着，鲜血从右肋流了下来。
My girlfriend not being honest, I was disappointed. 我的女朋友不诚实，我很失望。
注意：(1)here和there也有独立主格结构，模式为：Here/There + 现在分词短语。例如：
There being nothing to do, we went home.
没有别的事可做了，我们就回家了。
Here coming another guest, I had to buy one more bottle of wine.
又来了一位客人，我不得不再买一瓶酒。
(2)不能省略being(having been)的情形
在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。
①独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如：
It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去做礼拜了。
②在There being + 名词的结构中。如：
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
2．名词/sort of given什么意思代词+过去分词（短语）
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
She beaten black and blue, I couldn’t keep back tears.
她被打得青一块紫一块，我止不住留下了眼泪。
Homework finished, the boy went out to play.
作业完成之后，这个男孩出去玩了。
He sat there, his eyes closed.
他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked, the door locked.
整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
3．名词/代词+介词短语
介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着走进了树林。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
The old woman stood there, basket beside her. 老奶奶站在那里，旁边放了一个篮子。
4．名词+名词
名词一般作前面名词或代词的同位语。
Wu Song fought the tiger, a stick his only weapon. 武松打虎，手中只有一根棍子作武器。
His first shot failure, he fired again. 他第一没击中，又打了一。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
5．名词/代词+副词
副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
Lights on, Tom went out. 灯亮着，汤姆就出去了。
6．名词+形容词（短语）
形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态、原因等。
The boys were making a snowman, hands red with the cold.
男孩子们在堆雪人，手都冻红了。
I cannot fall asleep, the door open. 开着窗户我睡不着。
An air accident happened to the lane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
7．名词+不定式（短语）
不定式表示的是将来的动作。
Here are the two volumes，the third one to come out next month.
这儿是头两卷，第三卷下月出书。
I can’t go out, all these clothes to wash. 所有这些衣服都要洗，我不能出去。
So many people to help us, we are sure to finish it in time.
有这么多人来帮忙，我们一定能按时完成。
His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来，他正在忙着准备饭菜。
三、独立主格结构应注意的一些问题
1．独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致
含有独立主格结构的句子，前后主语是不一致的，这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。
比较下列两个句子
(1)Hearing the news, he was very excited.
(2)He talked on and on, the audience beginning to feel bored.
在这两个句子里，第一个句子，前后的主语是一致的，都是he，也就是说动词hear的动作发出者是主语he，因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子；而第二个句子，我们可以发现，有两个主语，第一个是句子的真正主语He，而第二个主语是the audience，是beginning的逻辑主语，非谓语动词beginning和He之间没有任何关系，因此它是一个独立主格结构。

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