Elements(n.要素；元素) of a Short Story
Plot（n.情节）:
The storyline(n.故事情节) or organization of incidents（n.事件） in a story is called the plot. It consists of episodes【'epə.səud】（一段情节；片段） and conflict（n.冲突；矛盾）. Plots usually have:
1. Exposition（n.说明）
2. a sort of的用法Complication（n.纠纷）
3. Rising Action
4. Climax（n.高潮）
5. Falling Action
6. Resolution
The exposition is the background（n.背景） information provided by the author （n.作家）to “set the stage” (v.设置舞台布景或场所)for the story.
The complication is the incident which initiates【i'niʃieit 】（创始；介绍加入） (or introduces)the main（adj.主要的） conflict.
The rising action is the series of incidents that built form the complication and lead up to the climax
The climax is the highest point of emotional（adj.感情的；情绪的） intensity（强度）【[in'tensiti】 in a story. It is usually the turning point and major crisis（危机） of the story.
The falling action is the part of the story immediately after the climax until the end of the story(the conclusion（结尾）).
The resolution is how the story ends.
Conflict:
A conflict is a struggle（n.斗争，挣扎，竞争） between opposing（n.对立的） characters or forces（n.力量；暴力；影响力）. All conflicts are either external（adj.外来的，外部的） (physical) or internal（adj.内部的）(emotional, moral, psychological.) There are 3 main types of conflict.
1) Character vs. Environment (nature, society, circumstance.)
2) Character vs. Character (can be physical, emotional, moral, or psychological)
3) Character vs. Self ( a conflict emotional |thought within（prep. 在….里面adv.在内 adj.在里面的） a character)
Character: A term（n.术语） which refers to the fictional（adj.虚构的，小说的） persons who carry out the action of a story.
Character Sketch（n.对某人或某一型人物特性之简短文学特写，人物速写）: A description（n.描述；刻画） of a character’s personality（n.个性）| character using nouns, adjectives, and usually describe the character’s physical（adj.身体的） appearance(n.外貌；
外表) and dress.
Characterization（n.刻画；特写）: The method of presenting the special qualities（n.品质；才能；特质） or features（n.容貌；特征） of a character in a literary（adj.文学的） work. Basically（adv.基本上；主要地）, the story will either reveal（vt.显示；透露，展现） character directly (through the author’s comments（n.评论；注解）) or indirectly (through the character’s speech, thoughts, and actions.)
Dynamic Character: A character who undergoes(vt.经历；经受) a significant（adj.重要的；意味深长的）, lasting（adj.永久的） change, usually in his or her outlook（n.前景；观点） in life.
Static Character: A character who does not change in the course of（在…..期间；过程中） a story.
Round Character: A realistic（adj.现实的） character who has several sides to his| her personality.
Flat Character: A limited character (usually minor(adj.次要的)) with only one apparent（adj.明显的） quality.
Protagonist（n.主角；支持者）: The main character of a story.
Antagonist（n.敌手；对手）: The major character or force that opposes the protagonist.
Motivation（n.动机）: This is what causes a character to do what he or she does. Characters must have sufficient【sə'fiʃənt】（adj.足够的；充分的） and plausible（adj.似真实合理的） motivation in order for a reader to find a story realistic or effective（adj.实际的；有效的；生效的）.
Setting（n.背景；环境）: The time and place of a story.
Theme（n.主题；主旋律）: The central message or lesson behind a story usually implied （adj.含蓄地；暗含的）rather than directly stated（adj.阐明的）.
Point of view（观点；看法；见解）: The perspective（n.看法；透视） form which a story i
s seen or told (who tells the story). There are three most common (there are others) point of view
1) First-person Narrative(n.叙述): The protagonist tells his |her own story directly to the reader using the first person(“I”)
2) Limited Omniscient【ɔm'niʃənt】（adj.全知的；无所不知的） Narrative (Third-person): Told form the perspective of someone “outside” the story and refers to the main character as “he” or “she”, but shows us only what one character thinks and feels.
3) Omniscient Narrative (Third-person): Told form an all-seeing, all-knowing, God-like perspective “outside” the story, revealing the minds of several or all characters.
4) Objective (Third-person): Told form the perspective of someone “outside” the story and refers to the main character as “he” or “she”, but shows us only what can be observed（v.观察；注意到） (no minds are read).
Literary Devices（n.设备）:
A literary device is a tool（n.工具；手段） used by a poet（n.诗人） or writer to create mood, setting, attitude（n.态度；看法） and |or characterization in his |her work.
Below is a list of the literary devices you need to be familiar with for the learning:
Alliteration(n.头韵): The reoccurrence（n.重新出现；发生） of initial（adj.开始的，字母的） consonant【'kɔnsənənt】（adj.辅音的；一致的） sounds. For example: “alliteration is a sweetly satisfying sound.”

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