Unit Two
词语翻译法
一、多义词的处理
词汇在新的语言环境中就有了一个新义。要确定多义词在特定语境中的涵义,一要紧密联系上下文,二要注意这些词语的搭配习惯.
(一)上下文
上下文即词、短语、语句和篇章的前后关系,有广狭之分。狭义上下文指特定语言的前言后语。广义上下文指外部经验世界
英语一词多义
Business was rather slow last month.
上个月生意不太景气
The book is rather slow.
这本书很乏味(不精彩)。
You’d better go slow in reaching a conclusion. 你最好不要急于下结论。
He is slow of understanding.
他理解力较差。
He is so slow that I have to explain everything several times.
他太迟钝,所有的事我都得解释好几遍。
Be slow to promise but quick to practice.
不要轻易许诺,但一旦许诺要尽快实践。
He is slow at speech with women yet.
跟女人说话,他还有点笨嘴拙舌。
词汇的意义主要在于语境,即上下文及搭配
Oh, what a story.   
哦,好个谎话。
To make a long story short.
长话短说。
It is another story. 
这是另外一个问题。
to launch a movement, campaign, drive  搞运动、活动;
to launch a training program, class, course  举办培训班
to launch a satellite 发射卫星
to launch a loan  发放贷款
翻译时注意平时多积累
Their people have always been available to offer assistance and answer technical questions.
他们的工作人员随时为我们提供支持并解答技术上的问题。
You have a creative edge in business.
你获得创造性地商业优势。
二. 增词法翻译
增词法主要用于三种情况:
1.为了语法上的需要(英语名词复数译成汉语时需要使用增词法才能体现原文复数形式)
2.为了表达清晰和自然;
3.为了沟通不同的文化。
1、为了语法上的需要而增词
时态要求
英语动词的时态靠词形变化或加助动词来表达的。汉语靠增加时态助词或一般表示时间的词。“曾”、“已经”、“过了”、“在”、“正在”、“着”、“将”、“要”、“会”、“便”等等。
I have not been satisfied with my efforts to date and I have been constantly searching for some sort of organized and systematic contribution which I could make to bridging the gaps between the Eastern and Western worlds.
我对到目前为止所做的努力并不满意,我一直在寻求能够有组织地、系统地写点东西,以弥补东西方世界之间的沟壑。 
补充原文因语法省略的词
Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。
英语崇省略,汉语喜重复。

增加动词
In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.
  在中国,我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、看演出、吃名菜。
In the evening, after the banquet, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之 后,他还得起草最后公报。
I forgot my key. 
我忘了带钥匙。
增加形容词
  The war made a man of him.
  战争把他锻造成一个堂堂的男子汉。
  Deflation has now reached unprecedented level.
通货紧缩已经发展到了空前严重的地步。
增加副词
The crowds melted away.
人渐渐散开了。
As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.
他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲的没完。
增加名词
He felt the patriot rise within his breast.
他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。
He is a complicated man—moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
他是一个性格复杂的人—喜怒无常,反复多变,有些犹豫寡欢。
*This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打字机真是物美价廉。
不及物动词——宾语隐含在动词后面
First you borrow, then you beg.
头一遭借钱,下一遭就讨饭。
Day after day he came to his work—sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天来干活 — 扫地,擦地板,收拾房间。
sort of翻译
增加形容词
He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.
毫无疑问,他以为会有热烈的拥抱,满桌的食物,激动的泪水,欢乐的笑声,一段接一段的谈话,一次又一次的拥抱,没完没了。
具体名词表示抽象概念时,名词后增加名词
He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.
他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情,而判决他儿子有罪。
To
persuade
To prepare
Backward
Tense
Arrogant
Mad
antagonistic
说服
准备
落后
紧张
自满
疯狂
敌对
He is experienced in handling letters and visits from the masses.
他善于做信访工作。
During the talks, their discussion has been centered around protection of intellectual property rights.
2. 会谈中,双方集中讨论了保护知识产权方面的问题。
增加表示名词复数的词
增加重迭词表示复数
增加数词或其他词表示复数
Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
The lion is the king of animals.
狮是百兽之王。
增加量词
英语没有量词,英译汉时,应适当增加量词
数词与可数名词直接连用
有些动词或动作名词
数词与可数名词直接连用
A red sun  rose slowly from the calm sea.
一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。
A stream is winding its way through the valley into the river.
一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷,汇合到江里去了。
增加语气词——的、呢、吧、啊、呀等
Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.
不要认真嘛!我只不过和你开个玩笑罢了.
As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.
我呢,从一开始就不赞成。
增加承上启下的词
Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of fashion.
不错,我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜,这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。
练 习 一
Some lawmakers also questioned the need for a costly new cargo airplane capable of delivering only a single tank to the Persian Gulf in a crisis.
一些议员还质问了是否需要一架仅能在一次危机中运送一辆坦克到波斯湾。新型运输机的花
费很大。
Sino-British links have multiplied—political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.
中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技方面的联系进一步加强了。
三、重复翻译法
重复也属于增词。翻译和写作应力求简练,尽量省略可有可无的词;有时为了明确、强调或生动,需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。
(一)为了明确重复
(二)为了强调重复
(三)为了生动重复
(一)为了明确重复
They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.
他们开始研究敌情,分析敌情。
He became an oil baron---all by himself.
他成为一个石油大王, --- 一个白手起家的石油大王。
(二)为了强调重复
为了强调,英语句子中往往重复关键性的词,以使读者留下深刻印象,英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。

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