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1. What does ATS consist of？
ATS由哪些组成？
第一步，直面问题核心：
It is widely known to us that ATS is short for air traffic service. ATS consists of three parts. They are air traffic control service , flight information service and alert service.
第二步，回答问题延展：
Each part is of vital importance for scheduled transport flights. Besides, all of them are controllers' obligations.
2. What are the differences in ATS among TWR, APP and ACC ?
塔进区在ATS上有哪些不同？
第一步，大概复述一遍问题：
TWR , APP and ACC belong to control units. Therefore, there are lots of common grounds in ATS among them. But the differences also exist.
第二步，直面问题核心：
The main difference is the air traffic control service. For the TWR, they are responsible for the aircrafts' landing , takeoff and ground activities. For the ACC, they safeguard the aircrafts on route. However, for the APP, they guide the planes from ACC to TWR, or from TWR to ACC. In a word, APP is the transition between TWR and ACC. In addition,  TWR can provide ATIS for flights. But it is not ACC’s or APP's responsibility.
第三步，回答问题延展：
Although there are some differences in ATS, TWR, APP and ACC should cooperate with each other in order to ensure no margin for potential risk.
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3. Do you think the artificial intelligence will take the place of controllers? Why?
你认为人工智能会取代管制员吗？为什么？
第一步，大概复述一遍问题：
With the development of science and technology, many people take it for granted that  the
artificial intelligence will take the place of human in many fields, as well as air traffic controller. However, I don't think so.
第二步，回答问题延展：
As we know, AI （artificial intelligence）has lots of advantages compared with human. For example, AI can cut much salary cost; AI is able to complete task without any minor mistakes; AI cannot be badly affected by fatigue . In my eyes, I think the role of controllers would change if AI was involved in ATC. The controllers' obligation may be surveillance and help update the program of AI. Thus, I don't think AI will take the place of controllers.
4. What limits the development of air traffic controllers?
什么限制了ATC发展？
第一步，大概复述一遍问题：
According to recent investigations, there are many factors that limit the development of ATC . Most of them are long-standing problems.
第二步，直面问题核心：
Firstly, many controllers are lack of studying and communication chances with other control units. It directly contributes to the limited horizon. Secondly, the majority of controllers are badly affected by fatigue and stress. My workmates are always  sleeping and playing handset games after work and have no interest in the latest ATC technology. At last, many leaders regard controllers as machine. And they always take it for granted that the detailed and complicate regulations could rule all the actions of controllers.
第三步，回答问题延展：
Although many factors limit the development of ATC, we must try our best to overcome them and become the best ourselves.
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5. When should low pass be carried out?
什么时候实施低空通场？
it is widely known to us …… emergency method
especially landing gear（undercarriage）……not extended……hydraulic problem or electrical system malfunction……
visual check …… utilize gravity to extend……
useful method to sort out ……
6. What shall controller do when low pass is in progress?
低空通场的时候管制员应该做些什么？
when ……controller shall exert lots of procedures to safeguard……
firstly, ……close observation ……tell flight crew about accurateinformation……
secondly,……inform A/P authority and related departments of detailed information……
thirdly, ……order other A/C which plan to land to hold ……or divert to ……
captain has the final say about decision regarding flight safety, ……
7. What will happen after low pass?
低空通场后会发生什么？
the answer to the question depends on current situation
use landing gear extension problem as example
if visual check proves that ……no longer a factor, ……clear to land ……instruct holding A/C to cancel holding procedure……
if visual check proves that ……still  in up position, it is often said thatbelly landing will be carried out. and try our best to assist pilots to sort out the problem and prevent deterioration……
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8. Could you tell me something about the airspace structure in your unit?
第一步，直面问题核心：
As you know, I am a ACC controller, and I have a good knowledge of our airspace structure. We have six domestic flight routes, and five international flight routes.
Our airspace is divided into four sector. Different sectors have differentcharacteristics.
The most complex sector is the fourth sector, because it contains lots of conflicts between take-off and landing flights. Most importantly, the fourth sector does not have the parallel flight routes. Therefore, it is a challenge for our controllers.
第二步，回答问题延展：
In order to expedite the air flow and cut off the potential risk , themodification of our airspace structure is taken into account recently.
9. How to optimize the airspace under your control? Can you give some suggestions?
A: I think we can do 3 things to optimize the airspace. First, we should separate arrival and departure flights to avoid conflict. Then, we can use better procedures, like RNAV. Also, we can apply more direct flight to reduce delay in the air.
10. What factors should you take into consideration before issuing holding instructions?
第一步，大概复述下问题：
I believe each control unit has series of regulation about it.
第二步，直面问题核心：
In our operation manual, there are three factors that we must take into consideration.
Firstly, we should ensure there is not potential conflict between holding flight and other scheduled flights on route, which occupy the same flight level.
Secondly, inquiring the fuel endurance is also necessity. Some widely known civil aviation tragedies resulted from fuel exhaustion during holding.
Lastly, we shall apply to military department for the holding area before issuing instructions.
第三步，回答问题延展：
After all , we shall not go against the operation manual , and make the holding orderly and smoothly.
11. What should you do when you encountered the traffic congestion?
第一步，大概复述下问题（从问题背景上入手，显得更高级）
It is widely known to us that traffic congestion is a long-standing problem in some control area. With the surging number of aircraft, traffic congestion is a big challenge for us.
第二步，直面问题核心：
According to my experience, we should take the following steps to sort outthe problem.
First of all , we must request the supervisor to issue air flow restriction to adjacent control unit, in order to reduce the number of  incoming flights.
Then, we should use various methods to tackle the conflicts of flights, such as holding , short-cut, adjusting airspeed and so on.
第三步，问题回答延展：
Mostly, keeping composed and cool-headed is of vital importance when handling such situation. Because, when we suffer traffic congestion , we also suffer too much  pressure. Moreover, any lapse can results in accident.
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12. Have you ever heard of human errors?
第一步，直面问题核心：
Yes, I have heard of it and even suffered it. As we know, human error is safety's enemy.
第二步，问题回答延展：
Human errors include "error, omission, oversight ". Each of them can adversely affect flights' safety.
It is widely known to us that any lapse in controllers' daily work would contribute to miserable tragedies.
13. What results does human errors can cause?
第一步，大概复述一遍问题：
Human errors can cause lots of unsafe events, even accidents. Many widely known civil aviation tragedies result from human error.
第二步，直面问题核心（这种问题最好用讲小故事应对）：
One day, I was in charge of control position. There were ten aircrafts in my area. Moreover, all of them are take-off and landing flights. Many conflicts existed.
Suddenly, one pilot reported they intend to climb to 8900m from 8100m due to severe turbulence. I cleared him to climb without hesitation. However, I forgot the opposite traffic which occupied 8400m.
Luckily, I found the potential near-miss in good time. And I carried out traffic avoidance procedure as soon as possible. At last, the separation met the minimum criteria.
第三步，回答问题延展：
Although human error is a long-standing problem, I think we can overcome it.
14. Based on your experience, how to avoid human errors?
第一步，大概复述一遍问题：
According to my expertise, there are many methods to avoid human errors. Besides, many control units have series of regulations regarding how to avoid human error.
第二步，直面问题核心：
In my eyes, I think double-check is an effective method. When you want to issue an instruction to pilots, you should ask yourself whether the instruction is correct for the second time.
Then, before you pass your message, you must get your partner's agreement, who is in charge of coordination.
After issuing your instruction, you shall also listen pilots' read-back carefully in order to ensure make yourself understood.
In a word, we must develop good work habits.
第三步，回答问题延展：
In China, most of control units use punishment    as a measure, hoping that controllers will not make similar mistakes in future.
I don't think it is a very effective method, although it has been used for years.
15. As a controller, how do you deal with fatigue?
sort out 造句A: First, we must have enough rest before taking a shift. Then, we have teamwork to share workload, also, my co-worker will monitor my instructions, correct me if there is mistake. If necessary, we can request a shift change to maintain the safety of operation.

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